新疆塔城地区滴灌玉米施肥现状与减施对策

对新疆塔城地区滴灌玉米生产施肥现状进行3年的农户调研,分析玉米施肥中存在的主要问题,提出相应解决途径。调研结果表明,化肥平均施用量为N 378 kg/hm~2,P_2O_5189 kg/hm~2,K_2O 56 kg/hm~2,氮磷投入明显高于全国平均水平;氮肥偏生产力44.2 kg/kg,低于全国平均水平;磷肥基施农户平均占比54.0%,滴灌水肥一体化的优势没有充分发挥。存在肥料种类单一、有机肥施用比例低等问题。建议采用水肥一体化和水溶肥、降低磷肥作基肥比例、降低氮磷比、提高有机肥施肥比例等措施,进一步提高玉米产量和肥料效率。

Fertilization Status and Countermeasures to Reduce Fertilizer Input for Drip-Irrigated Maize in Tacheng Region, Xinjiang

Fertilization status in maize production in Tacheng region of Xinjiang was surveyed for 3 years. The main problems in maize fertilization were revealed and the possible solutions to the problem were proposed. It was found that the average chemical fertilizer input for N, P₂O₅, K₂O was 378, 189 and 56 kg/ha, respectively. The input of N and P was obviously higher than the national average. The average partial factor productivity(PFP) for N in this area was 44.2 kg/kg, which was lower than the national average. About 54% of the farmers applied P fertilizer as basal application before planting, indicated that the advantage of drip irrigation is not fully exploited. Also, few types of fertilizers were used, and the use of organic fertilizer was overlooked. It is suggested that farmers should be guided to convert from furrow/broadcast fertilization to fertigation gradually. The water-soluble fertilizers should be used to match drip irrigation system, reduce the proportion of P fertilizer as base fertilizer, reduce the N/P ratio, and increase the proportion of organic fertilizer, so as to further improve fertilizer utilization efficiency and maize yield in Tacheng.