8株优良大豆根瘤菌与不同地区27个大豆主栽品种的匹配性研究

大豆是我国重要的油料作物和高蛋白粮饲兼用作物,具有与根瘤菌共生固氮的能力。近十几年来,我国大豆品种更新快,导致大豆根瘤菌株与新品种匹配能力差、接种效果不明显。筛选与主栽大豆品种匹配性好、固氮效率高的广谱性优良菌株,可为针对性的施用大豆根瘤菌接种剂提供菌种资源和方案。选取本实验室前期分离保存的6个优良快生型大豆根瘤菌株和2个慢生型大豆根瘤菌株,在砂培盆栽条件下与不同地区的27个大豆主栽品种进行匹配试验。测定分析了植株地上部分生物量、高度、根瘤数量、根瘤生物量和根瘤固氮酶活指标。结果表明:不同大豆根瘤菌之间结瘤固氮能力存在极显著的差异;供试根瘤菌均能够与国内24个大豆品种结瘤,广谱性较好;植株地上部分高度、根瘤数量、根瘤生物量和根瘤固氮酶活与地上部分生物量呈显著相关;大部分接种根瘤菌后的植物生物量显著高于CK;HN01、GR3、HH29、HH103匹配性和固氮效率均不逊色于USDA110,具有在东北地区、黄淮海地区、长江流域、东南地区推广的潜能;从品种来看,中豆39、BD2、天隆1号与8株供试大豆根瘤菌的匹配接种表现出高生物量特点。此外,本文还筛选出大豆-大豆根瘤菌的表型最佳匹配组合中豆39-GR3,适合长江流域地区;同样筛选到东北地区、黄淮海地区、东南地区最佳匹配组合,分别是HN01-辽豆14、HN01-徐豆14、HN01-BD2。本文初步建立了优良根瘤菌与大豆主栽品种的匹配关系,为在田间试验中进一步筛选和应用这些优良菌株提供了材料和指导。     

利用土壤筛选紫花苜蓿高效共生根瘤菌的初步研究

采用西北地区土壤试管栽培法对12株不同地区来源的根瘤茵和2个紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa品种(品系)进行接种效果的研究，旨在使筛选结果尽量接近实际生产环境，筛选出符合实际效果的高效共生菌株。结果表明，紫花苜蓿与根瘤菌之间表现出共生效果的多样性。绝大多数接种根瘤菌的紫花苜蓿在总瘤数、有效瘤数、地上部干质量方面与不接种的对照相比分别增加了7％～240％，10％～367％，7％～150％。根瘤菌与紫花苜蓿品种之间存在着互作关系，且受土壤因子尤其是土壤养分状况的影响。初步筛选出的与2个紫花苜蓿品种(品系)最佳共生匹配的根瘤菌菌株分别是：中苜一号的73317，01006，01055；金皇后的83092，01006，01055。     

施磷和接种根瘤菌对黄河三角洲紫花苜蓿生长及品质的影响

田间试验研究了施磷肥和接种根瘤菌对黄河三角洲地区紫花苜蓿生长及品质的影响.结果表明,播种前施磷肥能明显提高紫花苜蓿的出苗和成苗率,显著提高紫花苜蓿的叶茎比、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量,并提高干物质产量12.9%～85.5%.施磷肥还显著提高了紫花苜蓿地上部可溶性碳水化合物和粗蛋白质的含量,降低了中性洗涤纤维含量,使饲草体外干物质消化率增加0.73%～8.49%.播种时接种根瘤菌能显著增加紫花苜蓿单株根瘤结瘤数和平均根瘤重,并能改善苗期的生长,但对干物质产量影响不明显.试验结果显示,黄河三角洲地区种植紫花苜蓿施用过磷酸钙750 kg/hm2,并接种根瘤菌可获得较好的提高产量和改善品质的效果.     

2株重组根瘤菌在4个大豆品种根圈中定殖动态的比较研究

在灭菌和未灭菌土盆栽缩影条件下，比较研究了重组大豆根瘤菌HN01DL和TA113QD在4个不同品种大豆根圈中的定殖动态与水平，并初步考察了其与共生效应的关系。结果表明：HN01DL在渝豆1号和宁镇1号大豆根圈表现出较强的适应性和竞争性，而TA113QD则在Williams大豆根圈的适应性较强，在宁镇1号大豆根圈的适应性较差，且供试菌在4种大豆根圈定殖动态与水平的差异在共生效应上也有一定程度的反映，但未达到显著水平。     

Effects of Kocide 101® on the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)‐Rhizobium symbiosis

A glasshouse study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the copper fungicide Kocide 101 and its residues in soil on the growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The soil used was a sandy clay loam classified as Typic Rhodustalf. The bean variety SUA 90 was used as test crop. The bean rhizobia strains CIAT 899, PV, and a local isolate were used. Kocide 101 applied at the recommended rate (equivalent to 1.7 mg kg^‐1 soil) had no significant negative effects on the growth, nodulation or nitrogen fixation of bean plants. Higher levels of Kocide 101 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced plant growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation. The bean plants inoculated with the “local isolate”; rhizobia had the highest dry matter weights, nodule numbers and nodule dry weights, and also had more N fixation. They were followed by those inoculated with the PV, strain and, lastly, those inoculated with CIAT 899. The growth and nodulation of bean plants were still curtailed by the Kocide 101 residues four months after the fungicide was first applied to the soil. Therefore, occurrence of high levels of Kocide 101 in soils can have long‐term effects on the performance of the bean‐rhizobia symbiosis.     

贵州尾矿区野生豆科牧草根瘤菌及其抗性测定

为了筛选获得对复合重金属具有耐受能力且能在本地豆科植物根系内定殖共生的抗性根瘤菌,本研究从贵州省内的锰矿区、铅锌矿区采集野生豆科牧草根瘤样品,经分离纯化、菌体形态观察、16S rRNA基因序列比对分析,获得71个根瘤菌保存菌株。系统发育和区系分析结果表明,分离菌株分属7属28种,其中根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)的分布频率高达54.93%,为优势属,木兰根瘤菌(R.indigoferae)的分布频率最高(15.49%),为优势种。选择来自不同尾矿区、不同种类的根瘤菌17株,采用重金属平板法测定各供试菌株对贵州尾矿土分布较多的Pb²⁺,Zn²⁺,Cr⁶⁺,Mn²⁺,Cd²⁺五种重金属的耐受性,结果发现17个菌株对3种或3种以上的重金属都具有不同程度的耐受能力,其中HMZT039-6,HSST042-6,HSST042-1,ZHQT052-1和HXTT050-1对5种重金属离子均有耐受能力,为筛选出的最优抗性根瘤菌株。本研究结果可为本地区土壤重金属污染的修复治理提供共生微生物资源。     

新银合欢施石灰与根瘤菌接种效应的研究

新银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala cv.Salvador)又叫萨尔瓦多银合欢,是热带低地湿润地区树种,在适生条件下非常速生,是优良的多用途树种之一。 在自然条件下,新银合欢在中性和碱性土壤上生长良好,而适于该树生长的热带、亚热带气候区,土壤酸化现象日趋严重。许多国家试用施石灰、施肥、根瘤菌接种以及选种等     

Rhizobium specificity of Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb × T. repens L. hybrid clovers

Growth of full-sib families of an F₁ interspecific hybrid between Trifolium ambiguum M.Bieb and T. repens L, and two generations of backcross hybrids (BC₁F₂ and BC₂F₁) with T. repens as the recurrent parent, were compared to their parental species. Plants were grown in a N-free medium and inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii rhizobia effective on T. ambiguum or T. repens. Hybridisation produced progeny that nodulated with rhizobia from either T. ambiguum or T. repens, but plant growth varied. Mean weights of T. repens and hybrids, particularly F₁ and BC₁F₂, were higher when inoculated with a mixture of strains isolated from field grown T. repens than with the New Zealand inoculant strain for T. repens. When inoculated with the mix of rhizobia from T. repens, mean weights were 242, 189, 132, 125, and 100 mg/plant for T. repens, BC₂F₁, BC₁F₂, F₁ and T. ambiguum, respectively. However, although the mean weight of BC₂F₁ lines was significantly less than T. repens, there was considerable variation in individual full-sib families indicating the potential to select within BC₂F₁ hybrids for high plant growth/symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The weight of T. ambiguumplants inoculated with the New Zealand inoculant strain for hexaploid T. ambiguum was similar to T. repens inoculated with the mix of rhizobia from T. repens (253 and 242 mg/plant, respectively). Mean fresh weights of F₁ hybrid plants were similar when inoculated with rhizobia for T. ambiguum or T. repens (125 and 130 mg/plant, respectively). However, weight of T. repens, BC₁F₂ and BC₂F₁ hybrids inoculated with rhizobia for T. ambiguum were all less than 90 mg/plant. There was a significant relationship between plant fresh weight and ethylene production. The results indicate that measuring weights of inoculated plants growing in N-free media is a rapid initial method of screening a range of plant germplasm for plant growth/symbiotic nitrogen fixation rates. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

寒区旱区间歇性干旱对接种根瘤菌苜蓿草地土壤养分动态的影响

通过盆栽法模拟田间土壤的干湿交替变化过程和强度,研究了寒区旱区间歇性干旱条件对接种根瘤菌(Rhizobia)苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)草地土壤养分的影响。结果表明:1年龄苜蓿接种根瘤菌能显著提高土壤全N、有机质、速效N、速效K和速效P含量,而对土壤pH和全P含量影响不大,间歇性干旱处理能显著降低土壤全N、有机质、全P、速效N、速效P和速效K含量,且土壤养分下降量总体上为有机质>全P>全N>速效K>速效N>速效P;通过相关和回归分析,土壤全P和有机质含量的下降量与干湿交替间隔周期呈显著直线正相关(P<0.05),土壤速效K和速效P含量的下降量与干湿交替间隔周期呈显著直线负相关(P<0.05);当干湿交替间隔周期相同时,土壤全N、全P、速效N和有机质含量的下降量,50%田间持水量的处理大于80%田间持水量的处理,而土壤速效K和速效P含量的下降量,50%田间持水量的处理小于80%田间持水量的处理。     

大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicuum)在黑龙江省接种效果与接种有效性的研究

据1983-1985年在黑龙江省45个县,(市)792个试验点,6种土壤和14个大豆品种的小区试验和大面积试验证明:大豆接种根瘤菌比不接种平均增产11.2%,每公顷增收大豆241.5公斤。5年(1983-1987)累计应用面积已达31.5万公顷。由于大豆接种根瘤菌增加了大豆的结瘤数和根瘤重、植株鲜重和干重、植株含氮量和根瘤固氮酶活性,从而提高大豆产量和籽实蛋白质含量。本文研究了大豆接种根瘤菌的有效性与土著根瘤菌生态分布(以大豆自然结瘤性状C值、接种回收率为指标),大豆品种对根瘤菌的选择性,土壤化学因子(N.P.K.DH.有机质)的相关关系以及与化学肥料(磷酸二铵)、微量元素肥料(钼酸铵),VA菌根真菌的联合增产效应。