Rice-residue biochar influences phosphorus availability in soil with contrasting P status

ABSTRACT

Thermo-chemical conversion of crop residues to produce biochar is an emerging strategy in the context of sustainable phosphorous (P) use and residue management. An incubation study for 90 d was conducted to investigate the effects of rice-residue biochar (0, 10, 20 and 40 g kg^?1) in combination with inorganic-P (KH₂PO₄) (0, 25 and 50 mg kg^?1) on phosphorous availability in medium- and high-P status soils. Increasing biochar addition rates alone or in combination with inorganic-P resulted in a significant increase in P pools, i.e. plant available P or Olsen-P (from 8 to 132 mg kg^?1 in medium-P and 15 to 160 mg kg^?1 in high-P soils), microbial biomass P and various mineral-bound inorganic-P fractions in the order (Ca-P > organic-P > Al-P > loosely held/soluble-P > Fe-P > reductant soluble-P). Further, lower phosphatase activity (19–50%) with increasing rates of biochar addition in both soils elucidates the ability of biochar to act as a long-term source of available P in the experimental soils. The results demonstrate that rice-residue biochar can directly or indirectly enhance the status of available P in soils and hence can be used as a beneficial amendment to meet the crop P demand.     

Air-drying changes the distribution of Hedley phosphorus pools in forest soils

Hedley labile phosphorus(P)pools in soil tend to be several times larger than annual forest requirements,even in highly weathered soils characterized by P limitation.The discrepancy between plant and soil P status could be partly attributable to the frequently adopted air-drying pretreatment that tends to increase soil P solubility.In this study,the effects of air-drying on the distribution of Hedley P fractions were examined using soils collected under 4 forest types at Gongga Mountain,southwestern China.The results showed that the microbial biomass P(Pmic)in the organic horizon decreased markedly after air-drying.The concentrations of Hedley labile P in the air-dried samples were 31%–73%more than those in the field-moist samples.Consequently,the air-drying-induced increments of Hedley labile P pools in the surface soil horizons were 0.8–3.8 times the annual plant P requirements.The organic horizon was more susceptible to the air-drying-induced increases in Hedley labile P than the mineral horizon,probably because of the stronger release of Pmicand disruption of soil organic matter.The quality of P,indexed by the ratio of Hedley labile P to slowly cycling P,shifted in favor of the Hedley labile fractions after air-drying,further revealing that air-drying changed the distribution of Hedley P pools in forest soils.These indicated that the effects of air-drying could not be ignored when interpreting the discrepancy between the P status of plants and the Hedley labile P pools in forest soils.To more efficiently evaluate the P status in forest soils via the Hedley fractionation procedure,the use of field-moist soils is recommended.     

剩余污泥臭氧化减量处置方法研究进展

综合臭氧污泥减量化近年来的发展和研究,对其技术原理和工艺应用进行分析,提出了其现存问题,并讨论了未来的技术发展万向.     

不同维生素预混料对科宝肉鸡生长性能、胫骨质量和抗氧化能力的影响

试验研究3种维生素预混料(处理1、2、3)对科宝肉鸡生长性能、胫骨质量及抗氧化能力的影响。1 200只科宝肉鸡随机分为3个处理,每个处理10个重复,每个重复40只鸡,试验期42 d。结果表明:与处理1相比,处理3和2可显著提高肉鸡21 d体重,显著降低1～21 d饲料增重比;处理3还显著提高肉鸡1～21 d体增重、采食量和21 d胫骨灰分和磷比例及42 d胫骨灰分、钙比例(P<0.05);与处理2相比,处理3显著提高肉鸡42 d胫骨磷比例(P<0.05)。与处理2和1相比,处理3显著提高肉鸡21 d血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力(P<0.05)。结果表明,根据科宝肉鸡的生长性能、胫骨质量和机体抗氧化能力,适宜维生素预混料为处理3。     

改性膨胀珍珠岩去除废水中磷酸盐的研究

采用膨胀珍珠岩经过镧系稀土金属元素改性后处理了含磷废水。结果表明:改性后的膨胀珍珠岩对废水中的磷酸盐有明显的去除效果,当废水pH值为6~9,磷浓度为25mg/L,按改性膨胀珍珠岩与磷质量比为50:1来处理含磷废水,反应时间在4h之内,剩余磷酸盐的浓度小于0.5mg/L,磷酸盐的去除率达97%以上。     

Soy protein concentrate as a substitute for fish meal in diets for juvenile Acanthopagrus schlegelii: effects on growth,phosphorus discharge and digestive enzyme activity

The current high demand and cost of fish meal (FM) necessities the evaluation of alternative plant protein ingredients in diets of farmed marine fish. A 56‐day feeding trial was performed to study the effects of replacement of FM with soy protein concentrate (SPC) in diets of Acanthopagrus schlegelii. Diets were prepared at levels of 0%, 30%, 47.5%, 65%, 82.5% and 100% SPC, respectively, replacing FM. The results indicated no significant differences (p > .05) in % weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate of fish fed S30% to S82.5% diets compared with the control diet while, further inclusion at 100% significantly depressed growth performance. SPC inclusion and phytase supplementation significantly affected the phosphorous discharge (P‐load) showing lowest value (3.83 ± 0.53 g/kg WG) in S100% compared to control (14.79 ± 0.37 g/kg WG) and in fish fed S30% diet (13.24 ± 0.89 g/kg WG) (p < .05). The results of this study showed that FM could be substituted up to 82.5% by SPC in the diet of Acanthopagrus schlegelii fingerlings (5.53 ± 0.12 g) without any adverse effects. Phytase supplementation SPC based diets could be effective in reducing the phosphorus load in the aquatic culture environment.     

东北黑土区长期不同磷肥施用量对大豆生长及产量的影响

以中国科学院海伦生态实验站的长期定位试验为基础,分析了不同磷肥施用量包括对照(CK)、低磷处理(25.58 P2O5kg·hm~(-2),N1P1K)、中磷处理(51.75 P_2O_5kg·hm~(-2),N1P2K)和高磷处理(77.65 P_2O_5kg·hm~(-2),N1P3K)对大豆生长、结瘤及产量的影响。结果表明:不同处理对大豆株高和生物量的影响表现为N1P3KN1P2KN1P1KCK(鼓粒期株高除外),说明当前黑土磷素水平下,磷肥的施用能够显著促进大豆植株的生长;与CK,N1P1K和N1P2K相比,N1P3K苗期的根瘤数量和根瘤干重分别增加了56.7%～152.8%和87.4%～463.1%;与CK相比,N1P3K和N1P2K处理固氮酶活性分别增加了74.0%和94.0%;大豆的单株荚数和单株粒数均表现为随着磷肥施用量的增加而增加,虽然百粒重和产量表现出了相似的趋势,但是N1P3K和N1P2K处理之间没有显著差异(P0.05),说明过多磷肥的施用在东北黑土区对大豆增产效果不明显。因此,在东北黑土区在考虑生产成本、大豆产量等因素的情况下,建议适宜的磷肥施用量为N1P2K,即磷肥的施用量为51.25 P2O5kg·hm~(-2)。     

施磷量对黑木相思苗木生长的影响

为探究黒木相思苗木生长变化对磷肥的反映机制,本研究对1a生黑木相思(Acacia melanoxylon)苗木采用随机区组设计,设置了7个不同施肥量处理(0、50、75、100、125、150、200 mg P/株),测定并分析其苗高、地径、生物量及根系形态指标。结果表明：不同施磷量对苗木高生长、地径、生物量(地上部分、地下部分生物量)以及根系的生长都起促进作用,随时间和施磷量的增加,黑木相思根长、根平均直径、根表面积、根体积、苗高、地径、生物量总体表现均有所增加,总量为100 mg/株的等量施磷量对苗木生长促进作用效果最佳,试验结束时(即施肥第12 wk),该处理的根长、根表面积、根平均直径、根体积、苗高、地径、生物量(地上、地下部分)分别为417.09 cm、35.16 cm2、0.46cm、0.48cm3、36.2mm、2.30mm、1.236g(地上部分)、0.227g(地下部分),其中根长、根表面积、根平均直径、根体积分别比对照增加了81.2%、110.7%、61.2%和127.1%。     

三峡库区澎溪河流域消落区土壤氮磷释放研究

通过模拟试验研究了温度和施肥对三峡库区澎溪河流域消落区冲积土、紫色土和水稻土氮磷释放的影响,估算了这3种土壤氮磷的释放量。结果表明,淹水后消落区土壤氮的释放潜力为水稻土冲积土紫色土,不同温度下消落土壤氮的释放潜力表现为20℃略高于10℃,明显高于30℃;消落区土壤间磷释放的差异因温度的不同而异,10℃时3种土壤间上覆水磷浓度相近,20℃和30℃时,土壤磷的释放潜力为冲积土紫色土水稻土,土壤磷的释放随淹水温度的提高而升高。按云阳县耕地平均施肥量(N0.21g/kg和P0.15g/kg)向消落区土壤施入氮磷肥,冲积土、紫色土和水稻土向水体释放的氮分别提高7.05～17.27,10.03～25.41,5.84～13.70倍,释放的磷分别提高1.47～4.88,4.99～16.49,1.18～3.03倍。根据澎溪河流域水温、水位变动情况及消落区土壤面积,估算出未施肥条件下澎溪河流域消落区冲积土、紫色土和水稻土的氮释放负荷为19.36,29.45,236.07t/a,磷释放负荷分别为0.49,0.94,1.91t/a。     

土地利用方式对南方红壤养分状况的影响

土壤养分是土壤学研究重点,是衡量土壤生产力的综合指标,而土地利用方式则是人类活动影响土壤养分变化最直接、最重要、最普遍的因素。随着人类活动对土地利用的范围不断扩大、强度不断加剧,进而对土壤养分造成了不同程度的影响,尤其是对南方红壤的影响。目前,该区域土壤养分退化严重,综述近10年国内外的相关文献,在土地利用方式改变下,以土壤的物理性质、有机质、氮磷钾的动态变化趋势对土壤养分进行分析和总结,以期更准确地预测和评估不同管理措施对土壤质量的影响,并及时采取有效措施,调整生产结构,降低土壤环境污染,提高土壤性能。