Associations of fish with various types of littoral habitats in reservoirs

Fish associations with different types of littoral habitats were studied in four canyon‐shaped reservoirs in the Czech Republic in years 2010 and 2011 by gillnets. Two to three habitats per reservoir–beaches (former meadows), stump fields (former forest) and rubble slopes–were defined and sampled along the longitudinal axis of reservoirs. Effects of reservoir, habitat and locality (position along longitudinal axis) on fish biomass, abundance and species structure were tested for juvenile and adult fish separately. Hierarchical analysis of variance revealed that habitats differed significantly in fish biomass and abundance. Redundancy analysis showed that analysed environmental variables had significant influence on fish community structure. Most variability in community structure was explained by reservoir and then by combination of habitat and slope steepness. Locality position had the smallest influence on community structure. For both adult and juvenile fish total abundance and biomass, the most inhabited habitat was beaches; rubble slopes were the least inhabited. Habitat associations differed among species. Among adults, bream Abramis brama, white bream Blicca bjoerkna and roach Rutilus rutilus were associated with beaches and stump fields, whereas perch Perca fluviatilis, ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, asp Aspius aspius and pike Esox lucius were associated with rubble slopes. Bream, white bream, bleak Alburnus alburnus, roach, ruffe and pikeperch Sander lucioperca were associated with beaches among juveniles, whereas the only juvenile associated with rubble slopes was perch. We showed that most common species are associated with distinct habitats and also that utilisation of various littoral habitats differs in general.     

基于熵算法的股票指数高频数据复杂度测算与评价

在日内高频环境下检验基于兼容法的柯尔莫哥洛夫熵、样本熵和模糊熵等复杂度测算方法对我国沪深300股票指数的测算效率，并运用筛选后的有效算法分阶段研究和比较了序列复杂度的变化过程与变化幅度.结果表明，模糊熵算法是一种更适用于我国沪深300股票指数的有效复杂度测算方法，其对相似容忍度的敏感性更低，测度值连续性更好.随时间推移，我国沪深300股票指数复杂度整体呈上升趋势,而相较于发达市场甚至周边新兴市场其复杂度偏低.     

Indicators and trade-offs of ecosystem services in agricultural soils along a landscape heterogeneity gradient

Soil functions can be classified as supporting (nutrient cycling) and provisioning (crop production) ecosystem services (ES). These services consist of multiple and dynamic functions and are typically assessed using indicators, e.g. microbial biomass as an indicator of supporting services. Agricultural intensification negatively affects indicators of soil functions and is therefore considered to deplete soil ES. It has been suggested that incorporating leys into crop rotations can enhance soil ES. We examined this by comparing indicators of supporting soil services – organic carbon, nitrogen, water holding capacity and available phosphorous (carbon storage and nutrient retention); net nitrogen mineralisation rate and microbial biomass (nutrient cycling and retention) – in barley fields, leys and permanent pastures along a landscape heterogeneity gradient (100, 500 and 1000 m radii). In addition, barley yields (provisioning service) were analysed against these indicators to identify trade-offs among soil services. Levels of most indicators did not differ between barley and ley fields and were consistently lower than in permanent pastures. Leys supported greater microbial biomass than barley fields. Landscape heterogeneity had no effect on the indicators or microbial community composition. However, landscape heterogeneity correlated negatively with yield and soil pH, suggesting that soils in heterogeneous landscapes are less fertile and therefore have lower yields. No trade-offs were found between increasing barley yield and the soil indicators. The results suggest that soil ES are determined at the field level, with little influence from the surrounding landscape, and that greater crop yields do not necessarily come at the expense of supporting soil services.     

Addition of structural complexity – contrasting effect on juvenile brown trout in a natural stream

In a field experiment, we examined the effects of structural complexity in the form of added artificial plastic plants and shredded plastic bags on growth and abundance of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta). Just after emergence, the added complexity had a positive effect on the density, biomass and condition factor of young‐of‐the‐year (0+) brown trout. This difference in density was not present six weeks later. In contrast, both young‐of‐the‐year and older brown trout generally tended to be larger in the simple habitat. Hence, our data suggest that increased complexity initially is beneficial for young‐of‐the‐year individuals probably due to lower risk of predation and increased densities of prey. However, as density increases in the complex environment, it may induce negative density‐dependent effects, here reflected in smaller sized fish in the complex environment. This might force fish to redistribute to habitats with lower densities of conspecifics as they grow larger. We propose that habitat complexity can increase survival of yearlings in early phases and thereby also affect the overall population structure of brown trout in natural streams.     

Multiple sampling and discriminatory fingerprinting reveals clonally complex and compartmentalized infections by M. bovis in cattle

The combination of new genotyping tools and a more exhaustive sampling policy in the analysis of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis has shown that infection by this pathogen is more complex than initially expected. Mixed infections, coexistence of clonal variants from a parental strain, and compartmentalized infections are all different modalities of this clonal complexity. Until recently, genotyping of Mycobacterium bovis in animal populations was based on spoligotyping and analysis of a single isolate per infection; therefore, clonal complexity is probably underdetected. We used multiple sampling combined with highly discriminatory MIRU-VNTR to study compartmentalized infections by M. bovis in a low-tuberculosis prevalence setting. We spoligotyped the M. bovis isolates from two or more anatomic locations sampled from 55 animals on 39 independent farms. Compartmentalized infections, with two different strains infecting independent lymph nodes in the same animal, were found in six cases (10.9%). MIRU-VNTR analysis confirmed that the compartmentalization was strict and that only one strain was present in each infected node. MIRU-VNTR analysis of additional infected animals on one of the farms confirmed that the compartmentalized infection was a consequence of superinfection, since the two strains were independently infecting other animals. This same analysis revealed the emergence of a microevolved clonal variant in one of the lymph nodes of the compartmentalized animal. Clonal complexity must also be taken into consideration in M. bovis infection, even in low-prevalence settings, and analyses must be adapted to detect it and increase the accuracy of molecular epidemiology studies.     

海南中部山区植被演变阶段植物物种多样性与群落结构多样性变化规律

以海南中部山区的草地、灌丛、次生林和原始林为演替系列,研究植被演替过程中群落结构多样性与物种多样性的变化规律。结果表明,群落演替过程中植物科属种数、总体Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数、乔灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数及垂直结构多样性指数都显著增大;群落结构多样性指数分别与群落植物科属种数、总体alpha物种多样性指数、灌木层和乔木层物种alpha多样性指数都显著正相关。通过恢复演替,植被复杂性和质量都呈增大趋势。     

Effect of variable retention cutting on the relationship between growth of coarse roots and stem of Picea mariana

Silviculture heading for structural heterogeneity creates many single trees standing at stand margins, inner edges or in remnant tree groups. As they played just a minor role in the age class forest, the growth behaviour of strongly released trees is rather unexplored. Here we show how retention cutting, presently spreading in the boreal of Québec province, affects stem and coarse root growth of remained single black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton]. Increment cores from roots and stems of 125 trees show that retention cutting triggers coarse root growth of the remaining trees. Compared with reference trees retention trees accelerate root in relation to stem growth. Mean and variability of the root–stem allometry significantly rise after retention cutting. The found acceleration of root in relation to stem growth means mechanical stabilisation of the retention trees and corroborates the retention cutting method. Evaluation of silvicultural treatments can be incomplete and misleading as long as they are just based on aboveground reactions and neglect root growth.     

Significance of host complexity and diversity for race-specific leaf-rust resistance in self-fertile synthetic rye populations

Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Des.) is the most frequently occurring leaf disease in German winter rye (Secale cereale L.). To test the usefulness of race‐specific resistance genes, the effects of increased host diversity and complexity by producing two‐ and four‐line synthetics from inbred lines carrying different resistance genes were analysed. Thirty‐three synthetics along with two full‐sib families and one hybrid variety were tested in 17 environments in Germany under natural infections. For comparison, the parent lines of the synthetics were evaluated in 11 environments. Only two synthetics and the full‐sib families were resistant across all environments. Observed resistance levels of the synthetics were highly correlated (r = 0.83, P = 0.01) with those predicted from the parental values. Host complexity had a minor effect in two‐line synthetics only. In conclusion, the effectiveness of race‐specific leaf‐rust resistances among environments, and increasing the host complexity and diversity does not lead to a higher resistance level than that expected from the resistances of the parents.     

封育对宁夏盐池县草地植物组成及群落复杂性的影响

[目的]定量评价封育对宁夏盐池县沙化草地植物组成及群落复杂性的影响,为半干旱区草地植被恢复与管理提供理论依据。[方法]对3种封育类型老、新封育区和对照区在2003—2013年样线与样方结合法进行植被调查,并用群落总复杂性、无序结构复杂性、有序结构复杂性3种指数来分析其复杂性特征。[结果]老封育区由黑沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)和刺沙蓬(Salsola ruthenica)群落逐渐演替为阿尔泰狗娃花(Heteropappus altaicus)群落,新封育区和对照区主要是黑沙蒿群落;新封育区和对照区的植被生物量与盖度大多年份高于老封育区;封育可增加无序与有序结构复杂性,进而增加群落总复杂性。[结论]长期封育降低了植被数量特征值;随封育年限的延长,群落复杂性指数约以5a左右为波动周期,说明适宜封育年限为5a。     

冻融期积雪覆盖下土壤水热交互效应

为了研究季节性冻土区土壤水热时空分异特征,揭示冻融过程中的水热相互作用机理及其复杂性。在松嫩平原黑土区,以野外实测试验数据为基础,分别建立裸地、自然降雪、积雪压实和积雪加厚覆盖处理条件下20 cm土层土壤含水率和温度的耦合模型,并通过对比模型的预测效果研究土壤水热变化的复杂程度,采用差异性分析和基于小波变换的分形理论方法定量研究含水率与温度序列的变异波动性和分维指标,进而验证不同覆盖处理条件对于土壤水热空间变异复杂性的影响。结果表明:冻结期,积雪阻碍了环境因素对于土壤水热迁移过程的影响,土壤含水率和温度的耦合效果较好,并且预测值与实测值能够较好的吻合,裸地、自然降雪、积雪压实、积雪加厚处理条件下的相对误差分别为0.42%、0.31%、0.13%和0.06%,随着积雪厚度的增加和密度的增大,含水率和温度的差异性减弱,复杂程度逐渐降低;融化期,积雪覆盖区的融雪水入渗抑制了土壤温度稳定提升,含水率出现骤然升高的现象,自然降雪、积雪压实、积雪加厚条件下的含水率变化分别为14.31%、15.90%和16.91%,土壤温度变化范围分别为-5.9~5.3、-3.6~6.9和-3.1~3.8℃,二者的互作效应减弱,并且随着积雪覆盖量的增加,土壤的水热时空迁移复杂程度逐渐增强。同时,采用基于小波变换的分形理论研究土壤含水率和温度的时间序列复杂性精度较高、结果可靠。该研究对于揭示冻土区土壤水热迁移动态规律,准确预测春播期土壤温度和墒情,合理高效地利用松嫩平原的土壤水资源具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。