‘鸭梨’、‘新高’果实发育过程中果肉及种子有机酸含量的变化

为了研究梨种子对果实生长发育的影响,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对‘鸭梨’和‘新高’果实发育过程中果肉和种子中的有机酸含量进行了分析。结果表明：两个品种果肉中主要的有机酸组分均为苹果酸和奎尼酸,发育初期‘鸭梨’与‘新高’果肉中各组分的比率相近,但果实成熟时‘新高’果肉中苹果酸的比率59.98%显著高于‘鸭梨’的37.51%；两个品种种子中的有机酸组分比率的动态变化相近,与果肉相反,主要表现在奎尼酸比率的增加和苹果酸比率的减少。两个品种果肉和种子中的总酸、草酸、奎尼酸,苹果酸,莽草酸,柠檬酸含量均随着果实的成熟呈下降趋势,‘鸭梨’果肉中的奎尼酸、莽草酸、柠檬酸含量高于‘新高’；‘新高’在果实成熟时种子中的总酸含量4.59mg/g显著低于‘鸭梨’13.00mg/g,‘鸭梨’成熟果实种子中的草酸、奎尼酸、莽草酸含量显著高于‘新高’；在果实发育初期,种子中的苹果酸含量极显著高于果肉,在果实成熟时则显著低于果肉。     

稳定同位素技术鉴别库尔勒香梨产地可行性研究

为开展碳、氮、氢、氧(C、H、O、N)稳定同位素鉴别库尔勒香梨产地的可行性研究,明确新疆库尔勒香梨δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O值,本研究以甘肃香梨和陕西红香酥梨作为对照,采用稳定同位素比值质谱仪(IRMS)分析新疆库尔勒香梨与对照样品的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O值,并采用正交校正的偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA) 鉴别新疆库尔勒香梨产地真实性。结果表明,新疆、甘肃两个产区香梨与陕西产区红香酥梨的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O值存在显著差异(P<0.05)。新疆产区的66份库尔勒香梨判别准确率为95.45%;甘肃产区的20份香梨样品判别准确率为60%;陕西产区的23份红香酥梨样品判别准确率为95.65%。C、N、H、O 4种稳定同位素可有效鉴别新疆库尔勒香梨和陕西红香酥梨,但在新疆库尔勒香梨与甘肃香梨鉴别方面,误判率较高,如果能结合其他鉴别技术,则有可能出现较好的鉴别效果。本研究为库尔勒香梨产地真实性鉴别提供了科学依据。     

辽宁省果树科学研究所梨育种回顾与展望

作者对辽宁省果树科学研究所近40年来育种工作进行了系统的回顾,包括杂交育种、芽变选种、实生选种等不同育种方法及在梨果实性状遗传规律方面取得的成就等。并对未来的育种趋势进行了展望。     

PBO与福星处理对湘南梨脱萼及其果实品质的影响

以湘南梨为试材，于盛花期喷施PBO和福星不同处理，研究PBO和福星对湘南梨脱萼果率、果实品质和单株产量的影响。结果表明：喷施浓度为300倍 PBO和6000倍福星混合处理脱萼效果差异最为显著，脱萼果率为73.90%；单独使用PBO处理脱萼率为47.60%；两种脱萼处理均能够显著提高梨果的可溶性固形物和可溶性糖的含量，增加梨果的果肉硬度，降低果形指数，改善梨果外观品质，但对梨树的单株产量的影响差异不显著。     

三峡库区坡地梨-旱稻农业模式生态经济分析

运用生态经济学原理对三峡库区坡地新建梨-旱稻复合系统的生态效益和经济效益进行了研究。结果表明:与清耕梨园相比,梨园间作旱稻并秸秆还田后,有良好的水土保持作用和改土培肥效果,同时能有效控制田间杂草,减少梨园病虫害的发生,消减非点源N污染负荷60.19 kg/hm2,非点源P污染负荷8.0kg/hm2。与单一系统相比,复合系统提高土地利用率44%,能量经济系数上升2%。研究结果表明:梨-旱稻复合系统是一种具有良好生态效益的高效种植模式,值得在库区大力推广。     

不同梨品种叶片光合特性及其影响因素研究

以莱阳茌梨、栖霞小香水梨和黄县长把梨为试材,应用CIRAS-II便携式光合测定仪,研究了光合有效辐射、叶龄、叶位和方位对不同梨品种叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明:晴天条件下,所有供试梨品种的净光合速率(Pn)日变化呈不对称双峰曲线;阴天条件下表现为单峰曲线。正面受光叶片的Pn显著高于背面受光叶片。此外,光合速率还受到叶位和叶龄的影响,相同方位外围新梢叶片的净光合速率以基部第7-9叶片最高,且拟合曲线呈抛物线状。Pn随叶龄的增加呈“低—高—低”的趋势,30 d叶龄的莱阳茌梨和栖霞小香水梨叶片具有最大的Pn,而黄县长把梨是40d叶龄。     

Identification of organic acid-related genes and their expression profiles in two pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) cultivars with difference in predominant acid type at fruit ripening stage

‘Yandangxueli’ is a pear cultivar with predominant citric acid in the ripe fruit, different from most of pear cultivars such as ‘Gengtouqing’ in which malic acid is the predominant acid type. It was found that ‘Yandangxueli’ accumulated citric acid for three times against that in ‘Gengtouqing’ at fruit ripening stage. To investigate the mechanism of citric acid accumulation in ‘Yandangxueli’, organic acids content, gene expression and enzyme activity were studied in both cultivars. Five genes, Pp:mtCs, Pp:cyAco, Pp:cyIdh, Pp:mtMdh and Pp:cyMe which encoded citric synthase (CS), cytosolic aconitase (cyACO), NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-IDH), NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH) and NADP-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME) respectively, were identified from pear fruit. Their expression profiles and the corresponding enzyme activities were determined throughout fruit development in both cultivars. Results from these enzymes indicated that there were no strict relationship between gene expression, enzyme activity and citric acid accumulation. Expression analysis for two Py:vVAtp genes encoding vacuolar H⁺-ATPase A subunit and one Py:vVpp gene encoding Vacuolar H⁺-pyrophosphatase showed that they were all with up-regulated expression at the later development stage of ‘Yandangxueli’ but with down-regulated expression in ‘Gengtouqing’. Therefore, it is concluded that the different ability in citric acid transportation and storage might be involved in the high citric acid content in ‘Yandangxueli’.     

‘新高’、‘鸭梨’果实发育过程中果肉及种子内源激素的变化

为探索梨种子对果实生长发育的影响，通过高效液相色谱（HPLC）技术对‘鸭梨’和‘新高’果实发育期间果肉和种子中内源生长素（IAA）、赤霉素（GA3）、脱落酸（ABA）和玉米素（ZT）含量变化进行了测定。实验结果表明：两个品种种子中ABA和ZT含量变化基本相似，但新高ABA、ZT含量高于鸭梨，鸭梨IAA含量随着果实的发育处于下降趋势，而新高先升高后降低，鸭梨GA3含量随着果实发育先下降后上升，而新高出现两次高峰一次低谷且整体下降的趋势。两个品种果肉中IAA、GA3、ABA和ZT含量变化趋势基本相似，新高IAA、ABA含量高于鸭梨，70天之前新高GA3含量高于鸭梨，然而随着果实发育，鸭梨GA3含量又高于新高，并且鸭梨出现两次高峰，果实发育到80天后，新高ZT含量高于鸭梨。     

梨果面坏损区域的计算机视觉检测方法

为检测梨的果面的坏损区域,提出了一种利用多台摄像机在多个角度进行拍摄,对多幅采集后的图像进行切割,提取各自特征并进行拼合的算法。试验证明,这是一种较为快速、准确检测梨的果面坏损区域大小的算法,识别梨的坏损面积的相对误差能控制在±0.2范围内,处理时间为250～350ms;识别梨坏损区域数的正确率为0.89,可以满足系统设计要求。     

Effect of high-pressure hot-water washing treatment on fruit quality, insects, and disease in apples and pears: Part I. System description and the effect on fruit quality of ‘d’Anjou’ pears

A manually operated high-pressure hot-water washing system consisting of a boiler, hot-water mixing tank, contact loop, heat exchanger, spray mixing tank, high-pressure hot-water washing manifold, low-pressure fresh water rinse manifold, and pressure pump was constructed and installed in a packingline. The system developed 20–50 °C washing water at pressures up to 980 kPa. ‘d’Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.), shortly after harvest, and after storage for 3 and 4 months in regular air (RA) or for 4, 7 and 8 months in controlled atmosphere (CA) at −1 °C were washed through the packingline with different wetting agents (0.1% Silwet, 0.01 and 0.1% Defoamer, and water), water pressures (regular and high-pressure (210–980 kPa)), water temperatures (control (tap water, 4–22 °C), 40 °C, and 50 °C), and brushes (soft and firm), respectively. The effect of the washing conditions on fruit quality was investigated after 1 month of storage at −1 °C to simulate shipping condition, and then again after 1 week at 20 °C to simulate marketing condition. Hot-water caused severe heat scald. When nozzle temperature was 50 °C, the incidence of heat scald increased to over 50% for the fruit stored in RA for 3 months. Combined with hot-water, 540 kPa high-pressure washing increased the incidence of friction discoloration. There were lower incidences of friction discoloration and heat scald for fruit stored in CA for 7 months, in comparison to that in RA for 3 months. However, those fruit did not ripen properly as indicated by a high extractable juice content. Fruit washed at harvest had minor incidences of friction discoloration regardless of different brushes, water pressures, and wetting agents. Fruit washed after storages in either 4 months RA or 4 or 8 months CA suffered a high incidence of friction discoloration including scuffing symptoms and pressure marking. The firm brushes caused a higher incidence of friction discoloration mainly because of scuffing symptoms. However, no differences were found between different water pressures and wetting agents with respect to friction discoloration. Fruit stored for 4 months RA suffered 26–28% friction discoloration in comparison to 16–18% in CA stored fruit with firm brush washing. Extended CA storage increased friction discoloration even with soft brush washing. The results suggest that a washing system with high-pressure spray, <30 °C warm water, wetting agent Defoamer and rotating soft brushes were significantly effective in removing surface pests and decay control without causing internal or external damage of fruit.