薄荷醇和氮酮对甲硝唑在犬中体外透皮吸收的影响

研究不同的溶液载体（PBS,5％薄荷醇和5％氮酮）和不同部位的皮肤对甲硝唑在犬中体外透皮吸收和皮内摄取的影响。取下北京犬颈部、胸部以及腹部皮肤,-20℃保存。使用时,皮肤解冻固定在改良Franz透皮扩散仪上,保持恒速（200±1）r／min,恒温（35±0．5）℃。在扩散池中的皮肤角质层上加入2mL溶液载体（含甲硝唑58．4μmol）,以20％乙醇为溶剂溶解薄荷醇和氮酮,在预定时间点取样1mL,采用HPLC方法测定各接受液中的药物量和皮肤中摄取的药物量。结果显示,与PBS相比,薄荷醇和氮酮能增加所有部位甲硝唑的透皮吸收量和皮内摄取量（P〈0．05）。同一溶液载体在不同部位的渗透性存在差异,腹部〉颈部〉胸部,不同部位的皮内摄取量也存在差异,颈部〉胸部〉腹部。说明甲硝唑在不同溶液载体和不同部位皮肤的渗透性存在差异。     

贴敷类医疗器械产品中非法添加樟脑、薄荷脑、冰片的情况分析

目的 检测26家企业34批次的贴敷类医疗器械产品中的樟脑、薄荷脑、冰片,为制订产品标准或补充检验方法提供参考。方法 采用气相色谱法对贴敷类医疗器械产品中的樟脑、薄荷脑、冰片进行初筛,再采用气-质联用法（GC-MS）对结果进行确证。结果 34批样品中樟脑、薄荷脑、冰片,10批次全部检出,3批次全部未检出,21批次部分检出。34批样品中樟脑共26批次检出;薄荷脑共22批次检出;冰片共18批次检出。结果未表明明显地域差异。结论 贴敷类医疗器械产品中樟脑、薄荷脑、冰片的添加情况非常普遍,形势较为严峻,建议补充该类产品非法添加樟脑、薄荷脑、冰片的法定检验方法,为产品质量控制、分类界定和行政执法提供技术支持。     

Fumigant toxicity of volatile natural products from Korean spices and medicinal plants towards the rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae (L)

The fumigant toxicity of various volatile constituents of essential oils extracted from sixteen Korean spices and medicinal plants towards the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), was determined. The most potent toxicity was found in the essential oil from Mentha arvensis L var piperascens (LC₅₀ = 45.5 µl litre^?1 air). GC–MS analysis of essential oil from M arvensis showed it to be rich in menthol (63.2%), menthone (13.1%) and limonene (1.5%), followed in abundance by β‐pinene (0.7%), α‐pinene (0.6%) and linalool (0.2%). Treatment of S oryzae with each of these terpenes showed menthone to be most active (LC₅₀ = 12.7 µl litre^?1 air) followed by linalool (LC₅₀ = 39.2 µl litre^?1 air) and α‐pinene (LC₅₀ = 54.9 µl litre^?1 air). Studies on inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity of S oryzae showed menthone to have a nine‐fold lower inhibitory effect than menthol, despite menthone being 8.1‐fold more toxic than menthol to the rice weevil. Different modes of toxicity of these monoterpenes towards S oryzae are discussed. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of 2-(l-menthoxy)ethanol in F344 rats

2-(l-Menthoxy)ethanol has been frequently employed as a flavoring agent; however, data regarding 2-(l-menthoxy)ethanol toxicity remain limited. We performed a 13-week subchronic toxicity study of 2-(l-menthoxy)ethanol in male and female F344 rats, with doses of 0, 15, 60, or 250 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day orally administered by gavage using corn oil as the vehicle. No significant toxicological changes in general condition, body weight, or food intake were observed in any groups. The hematological assessment showed decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin and increased platelet count in the male 250 mg/kg group. Serum biochemistry revealed elevated total cholesterol in the 250 mg/kg group of male and female rats, reduced triglyceride in the female 250 mg/kg group, and increased total protein in the male 250 mg/kg group, indicating effects on lipid metabolism and protein synthesis. For organ weights, absolute and relative weights of the liver and adrenal glands were increased in the 250 mg/kg group of both sexes and the male 250 mg/kg group, respectively. Histopathological analysis showed chronic nephropathy in the male 15 mg/kg or higher groups, with increased absolute and relative kidney weights, as well as elevated serum creatinine, in the male 60 and 250 mg/kg groups. However, eosinophilic granules containing α_2u-globulin were identified in proximal tubules, suggesting α_2u-globulin nephropathy specific to male rats and without toxicological significance. These results indicated that the no-observed-adverse-effect level of 2-(l-menthoxy)ethanol was 60 mg/kg BW/day for both sexes.     

Size measurement and nutritional condition evaluation methods in sandfish (Holothuria scabra Jaeger)

The aims of this study were to establish an accurate size measurement method and a nutritional condition evaluation method of Holothuria scabra (Jaeger). Although 0.5% KCl and 0.05% MgSO₄ did not induce anaesthesia, 2% menthol–ethanol for 20 min was found to be effective and harmless. The anaesthetization significantly reduced the coefficient of variation of the mean body length and weight by 68% and 43% respectively. During starvation, body size and weight decreased concomitantly, resulting in an unchanged condition factor (body weight/volume), suggesting that the condition factor cannot be used as an index of nutritional condition. Protein, cholesterol and carbohydrate concentrations in the body fluid were analysed to study the relationship with starvation. As the protein and cholesterol concentrations initially increased and then decreased during the starvation period, it is difficult to use them as an index of nutritional condition. The carbohydrate concentration showed a gradual one‐fold increase during 10 days of starvation, and it may be used as a proxy for nutritional condition; however, further physiological studies are needed. Body fluid density and volume relative to body size gradually increased and decreased, respectively, during starvation. These methods may be used to correctly monitor the conditions of H. scabra in studies for aquaculture and stock enhancement techniques.     

薄荷属植物选种育种研究进展

综述了薄荷属植物挥发性成分的主要化学类型及近年来国内外薄荷属植物在选种育种方面的研究进展及发展趋势。希望对促进我国现阶段薄荷属植物的选育种工作有所帮助。     

薄荷醇对双氯芬酸钠透皮吸收作用的研究

目的：研究薄荷醇对双分酸钠透皮吸收的影响,方法：用两室扩散池体外实验装置,以免皮为屏障,使用不同浓度的薄荷醇,测定双氯芬酸钠的渗透系数。结果：０．０１ｋｇ／Ｌ薄荷醇对双氯芬酸没有促皮渗透作用,０．０２ｋｇ／Ｌ及０．０３ｋｇ／Ｌ薄荷醇均有促皮渗透作用。结论：薄荷醇能明显促进双氯芬酸钠的透皮吸收,其中以０．０２ｋｇ／Ｌ薄荷醇的促皮渗透作用较强。     

Insecticidal activity of menthol derivatives against mosquitoes

BACKGROUND: The insecticidal activity of essential oil of Mentha piperita L. emend. Huds. against local mosquitoes as disease vectors was recognized and found to be due to the presence of menthol, which is the major aroma compound of the oil. The minor compounds of the oil, i.e. menthone, beta-caryophyllene, menthyl acetate, limonene, alpha-pinene and pulegone, showed either less or no activity against the mosquitoes tested. L-Menthol derivatives were synthesized and their knockdown effect and mortality were evaluated against local mosquitoes of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Aedes aegypti L. and Anopheles tessellatus Theobald as disease vectors. This is the first report of mosquitocidal activity of menthol and its derivatives against Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti and An. tessellatus. RESULTS: Derivative synthesis followed by structure-activity relationship studies identified several derivatives, i.e. menthyl chloroacetate, menthyl dichloroacetate, menthyl cinnamate, menthone glyceryl acetal, thymol, alpha-terpineol and mugetanol, with enhanced mosquitocidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti and An. tessellatus relative to the parent compound L-menthone. CONCLUSION: In ester derivatives of L-menthol the optimum activity is dependent on the size and shape of the ester group and the presence of chlorine atoms in the ester group. In structurally related derivatives of L-menthol the optimum activity is dependent on the aromaticity, the degree of unsaturation, the position of the hydroxy group and the type of functional group.     

The anaesthetic effect of camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and mint (Mentha arvensis) essential oils on clown anemonefish,Amphiprion ocellaris (Cuvier 1830)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of clove (Syzygium aromaticum), camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) and mint (Mentha arvensis) essential oils as anaesthetics during the management of clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris). For 15 min, the animals were subjected to concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 27 and 35 μL L^?1 of clove oil, 17, 35, 50, 70 and 100 μL L^?1 of mint oil, and 200, 400, 500, 550 and 600 μL L^?1 of camphor oil (tested in 10 animals per concentration). A control group (without anaesthetic) and a complementary group, which was exposed to ethanol, were also evaluated. After exposure to the anaesthetic, the fish were transferred to clean water to assess recovery. The mortality and feeding behaviour of the fish were then observed for 48 h after exposure to the oils. All of the essential oils produced an anaesthetic effect on A. ocellaris. The 27, 70 and 500 μL L^?1 concentrations of clove, mint, and camphor oils promoted surgical anaesthesia after 310.5, 312.0, and 535.0 s (medians) respectively. The recovery times of fish exposed to these same concentrations were 396, 329.5 and 229 s respectively. The decision of which oil to use is dependent on the management situation and the consideration of the induction and recovery times of each essential oil.     

Influence of different dates of planting on growth,herb, oil yield and quality of essential oil of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) in the North Indian Plain

A field experiment was conducted for two years (2007–2008 and 2008–2009) to study the effect of different dates of planting for three menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) cultivars (Saksham, Kushal and Kosi; developed by Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India) on herb yield, oil yield and oil quality. All the cultivars produced higher herb and oil yields when planted on 18 February, compared with cultivars planted on other dates in both years. Average herb yield for Saksham increased by 12.89, 30.66, 54.01 and 85.71%, average herb yield for Kushal increased by 15.09, 30.57, 71.69 and 104.91%, and average herb yield for Kosi increased by 32.48, 53.28, 87.23 and 109.49% when planted on 4 January, 19 January, 3 February and 18 February, respectively, over cultivars planted on 20 December. Among the cultivars, Kosi produced a higher herb yield than Saksham and Kushal planted on 18 February. Saksham, Kushal and Kosi produced ～89.39, 152.04 and 170.22% higher oil yield, when planted on 18 February over their respective planting date of 20 December. Maximum menthol content was recorded in cultivar Saksham when planted on 18 February and in Kushal and Kosi when planted on 4 March.