Study on Liver-protective Effect of Chinese Herbal Compound Probiotics on Acute Liver Injury Layers

This experiment was conducted to investigate the liver-protective effect of Chinese herbal compound probiotics (CHCP) on acute liver injury layers.One hundred and eight 1 day old hens were divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates in each group and 9 layers per replicate in trial 1.The layers in model groups Ⅰ to Ⅲ were gavaged with 10% (V/V) soybean oil solution of carbon tetrachloride (SCCl₄) according to 1,2 and 4 mL/(kg·BW) at 14,28 and 35 d,respectively.The layers in control group were gavaged with 2 mL/(kg·BW) soybean oil.In trial 2,sixty 1 d layers were divided into 5 groups:Control group (soybean oil),model control group(SCCl₄)and low-dose,middle-dose and high-dose CHCP group (SCCl₄+1‰ CHCP,SCCl₄+2‰ CHCP and SCCl₄+4‰ CHCP respectively).CHCP were used by drinking water since 7 days.SCCl₄ were gavaged according to 2 mL/(kg·BW) at 14 and 28 d.The results showed as follows:The model of layers liver damage could be built by intragastric administration of 2 mL/(kg·BW) 10%(V/V) SCCl₄ at 14,28 d respectively,with the signs of hepatic steatosis,severe vacuolar degeneration,nuclear condensation and necrosis.Compared to the model control group,the serum AST levels in low,medium and high dose CHCP groups were decreased by 4.35% (P > 0.05),7.57% (P > 0.05) and 9.79% (P < 0.05),the serum ALT levels in medium and high dose CHCP groups were decreased by 34.92% (P < 0.01),36.51% (P < 0.01),the serum total bilirubin content in medium and high dose CHCP groups were decreased by 25.49% (P < 0.01),27.45% (P < 0.01).The liver cell congestion was reduced to varying degrees in different dose CHCP groups,and the liver cell had no vacuoles,arranged in neat rows,abundant cytoplasm and uniform in different dose CHCP groups.In conclusion,2‰,4‰ CHCP could reduce hepatocyte necrosis,decrease the serum activities of ALT,AST and total bilirubin levels,and had protective effect on hepatic injury induced by SCCl₄.     

重组抵抗素对犊牛肝细胞PC mRNA丰度及其活性的影响

取单层培养72 h生长良好的犊牛肝细胞,采用单因素重复试验,分别添加0、25、50、100、200、400 ng/L的牛重组抵抗素(resistin),每个处理3个重复(每重复2孔).继续培养12 h后分别提取RNA并制备细胞上清液.应用荧光定量PCR方法检测牛重组Resistin对肝细胞糖异生关键酶丙酮酸羧化酶(Pyruvate carboxylase,PC)基因表达的影响,同时用比色法检测其对肝细胞PC酶活性的影响.结果表明,一定浓度的resistin显著下调了肝细胞PCmRNA表达,且降低了PC酶活性.     

高铜对雏鸭肝氧化状态及肝细胞凋亡的影响

将360只1日龄天府肉鸭随机分为6组，分别以对照日粮（Cu8mg／kg）和高铜日粮（Ⅰ组：Cu100mg／kg；Ⅱ组：Cu200mg／kg；Ⅲ组：Cu400mg／kg；Ⅳ组：Cu600mg／kg；Ⅴ组：Cu800mg／kg）饲喂6周，研究日粮铜水平对雏鸭肝氧化状态及肝细胞凋亡的影响。结果显示，与对照组比较，Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组肝铜锌SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性降低（P〈50．01），Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组羟自由基和丙二醛含量显著升高（P〈0．01），Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组肝铜锌SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性升高（P〈0．01）。高铜组肝细胞凋亡率随日粮铜水平的升高而增加。表明，日粮铜水平为400mg／kg以上时可引起肝抗氧化功能降低和肝细胞凋亡率升高。     

AFB1对犬肝细胞的毒性作用及NAC的保护效应

【目的】以犬原代肝细胞为模型,研究黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)对肝细胞的毒性作用以及N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸(NAC)对细胞损伤的保护效应。【方法】选取1～2月龄幼犬,取肝细胞培养至对数生长期,分别用0(对照),0.05,0.25,1.25,6.25,31.25μg/mL AFB_1和6.25μg/mL AFB_1+64 mmol/L NAC处理36 h后,观察细胞形态结构,检测肝功能相关指标、氧化与抗氧化功能指标及细胞凋亡相关基因cleaved-caspase-3和cleaved-caspase-9 mRNA表达量。【结果】显微观察发现,与对照组相比,0.05～6.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的细胞数量减少,细胞失去饱满性,细胞凋亡、坏死情况明显;6.25μg/mL AFB_1+64 mmol/L NAC处理组的细胞饱满且活性良好,细胞数目增加,结构完整。与对照组相比,1.25～31.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性均显著上升(P0.05);0.05～31.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著升高(P0.05);1.25～31.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GGT)活性显著降低(P0.05),0.05～0.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的γ-GGT活性显著增加(P0.05); 31.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的白蛋白(ALB)质量浓度显著降低(P0.05)。与对照组相比,0.05～0.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)和丙二醇(MDA)含量显著增加(P0.05);1.25～31.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的H_2O_2质量浓度显著增加(P0.05)。与对照组相比,0.05～31.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性无显著变化;0.25～31.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著降低(P0.05)。与6.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组相比,6.25μg/mL AFB_1+64 mmol/L NAC处理组的AST、ALP、r-GGT活性以及ALB、8-OHdG、MDA、H_2O_2水平显著降低(P0.05),CAT和GSH-Px活性显著升高(P0.05)。6.25μg/mL AFB_1处理细胞的凋亡率为12%,极显著高于对照组和6.25μg/mL AFB_1+64 mmol/L NAC处理组。与对照组相比,0.05～6.25μg/mL AFB_1处理组的cleaved-caspase-3和cleaved-caspase-9 mRNA的表达量极显著增加(P0.01);与6.25μg/mL AFB_1组相比,6.25μg/mL AFB_1+64 mmol/L NAC处理组的cleaved-caspase-3和cleaved-caspase-9 mRNA表达量均极显著降低(P0.01)。【结论】AFB_1能够抑制犬原代肝细胞活性,引起细胞形态、肝功能指标及细胞氧化与抗氧化功能异常,加快细胞凋亡;NAC能够显著提高抗氧化酶活性,降低AFB_1所致肝细胞的损伤和凋亡水平,对肝细胞具有一定的保护性。     

Oxidation of glutathione during hydroperoxide metabolism in isolated hepatocytes of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Freshly isolated rainbow trout hepatocytes were exposed to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (BuOOH), a substrate for glutathione peroxidase. BuOOH at a concentration approximately equimolar (1 mM) with intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) caused a reversible increase in intracellular glutathione disulphide (GSSG) but did not compromise cell viability or damage membrane lipids. BuOOH at 10 mM caused a large irreversible increase in intracellular GSSG followed by efflux into the medium. Considerable leakage of lactate dehydrogenase and loss of highly unsaturated fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid also occurred. Dependence of hydroperoxide removal on flux through the hexose monophosphate pathway was suggested by the increased release of ¹⁴CO₂ from [1-¹⁴C] glucose from hepatocytes incubated with BuOOH.     

应用竞争PCR检测丙酸盐对体外培养牛肝细胞丙酮酸羧化酶mRNA水平的影响

根据牛肝细胞内PC(丙酮酸羧化酶)基因组与PCcDNA相比多含有一个内含子序列．在其中再插入一外源DNA序列．从而使最终构建的突变体片段的长度大于PCcDNA的长度，成功构建了PCcDNA的竞争DNA模板，然后应用竞争PCR方法研究了丙酸盐对体外培养新生牛单层肝细胞PCmRNA水平的影响。使单层肝细胞培养液中丙酸钠浓度分别为0、1．5、2．5、3．5、4．5、8．5、11．5mmol／L，处理24h，提取总RNA、逆转录，在同一体系中用相同引物扩增目的带和竞争模板带。结果表明．随着丙酸钠浓度的升高．PCmRNA水平呈上升趋势，提示肝细胞内PCmRNA的表达水平受培养液中丙酸钠浓度的影响。     

神经肽Y对犊牛肝细胞PC mRNA丰度及其活性的影响

取单层培养72 h生长良好的犊牛肝细胞,采用单因素重复试验,分别添加0、50、100、200、500、1000 pg/ml的羊体外合成神经肽Y（neuropeptide Y,NPY）,每个处理3个重复（每重复2孔）,再培养12 h后分别提取RNA和制备细胞上清液。应用荧光定量PCR方法检测外源NPY 对肝细胞糖异生关键酶丙酮酸羧化酶（pyruvate carboxylase,PC）基因表达的影响,同时用比色法检测其对肝细胞PC活性的影响。结果表明,一定浓度的NPY显著促进了肝细胞PC mRNA表达,增强了PC活性。     

Effect of a Large Dose of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on Hepatic Peroxisome in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca Fascicularis)

To elucidate the effect of a large dose of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) agonist, on hepatic peroxisomes, we orally administered 1,000 mg/kg/day, once daily, to 3 male and 4 female cynomolgus monkeys for 28 days consecutively. Light-microscopic and electron microscopic examinations of the liver were carried out in conjunction with measurement of the hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation system (FAOS), carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) activities, which are peroxisomal and/or mitochondrial enzyme activities. Electron microscopically, enlargement of the mitochondria was observed with lamellar orientation of the cristae along the major axis. Although the number of peroxisomes showed a tendency to increase when compared with those in a biopsied specimen before treatment, no abnormality in morphology was observed. A slight increase in CPT activity was noted at termination. No changes were noted in hepatic FAOS or CAT activity. In conclusion, although repeated oral treatment of cynomolgus monkeys with a large dose of DEHP induced a subtle increase in the numbers of peroxisomes with slight enlargements of the mitochondria, this low-sensitivity response to peroxisome proliferators in cynomolgus monkeys was considered to be closer to the response in humans than that in rodents.     

Preliminary experiments on mechanical stretch-induced activation of skeletal muscle satellite cells in vivo

We have shown in vitro that mechanical stretch triggers activation of quiescent satellite cells of skeletal muscle to enter the cell cycle through an intracellular cascade of events including nitric oxide (NO) synthesis that results in the release of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) from its extracellular association and its subsequent presentation to signaling receptors. In order to explore the activation mechanism in vivo, stretch experiments were conducted in the living animal using our suspension model developed. This system used the weight of the hind portion of rats to stretch the inside muscles of the left hind limb suspended for a period of 0.5–2.0 h. At the end of the stretch period, the rats received an intraperitoneal injection of bromodeoxyuridine followed by immunocytochemistry for its incorporation as an index of satellite cell activation in vivo. Depending on the period of stretch, bromodeoxyuridine labeling was increased significantly over the contralateral unstretched leg or control muscle from untreated rats. A stretched muscle extract prepared from the 2 h stretched tissue by incubating it in PBS, showed the active form of HGF as revealed by immunoblotting and it could stimulate the activation of unstretched satellite cells. Also, administering NO synthase inhibitor L‐NAME prior to muscle stretch abolished the stretch activation of satellite cells. Therefore, the results from these experiments demonstrate that stretching muscle triggers NO synthesis and HGF release, which could activate satellite cells in vivo.     

新生仔猪肝脏发育的肝细胞生化分析

选择新生仔猪15头，分别于出生当日(0 d)、出生后3d及7d屠宰取样，制作肝脏电镜切片进行组织学分析，并测定肝脏中DNA、RNA含量及常规生化指标。结果显示：新生仔猪肝细胞中内质网、线粒体等细胞器都很丰富，而且各细胞器的结构已经发育成熟。肝脏质量在仔猪出生后1周尤其是3d内迅速增加(P＜O．01)，远远快于体重增加的速度。仔猪肝脏的蛋白质含量在生后1周也迅速增加(P＜O．01)；而肝糖原贮备在刚出生时较高，出生后迅速下降(P＜O．01)。仔猪出生后肝脏中DNA和RNA浓度的变化趋势正好相反，前者在出生后3d内明显下降(P＜O．05)，4～7d又有增加趋势，而RNA浓度以3d为最高。试验结果表明，仔猪到出生时肝细胞的结构和功能基本发育成熟。仔猪出生以后，肝脏的生长发育十分迅速，不仅肝细胞的数量快速增加，肝细胞的体积也不断增大。