云南主要地方牛种的屠宰性能研究

首次对云南主要地方牛种的屠宰性能作了研究。大额牛、云南瘤牛、迪庆黄牛、中甸牦牛和中甸牛扁牛的宰前活重（ｋｇ）分别为１７０．０±２５．０、３２４．５±２８．５、１６３．３０±２４．８９、３０９．１３±５９．７５和１８３．２５±２７．５９;胴体重（ｋｇ）分别为７８．１８±８．８２、１６５．９１±１６．２９、８３．８８±１５．４２、１７８．７７±３４．０８和８３．８５±１８．１４;屠宰率（％）分别为５２．５６±０．７８、５１．０８±１．５３、５１．２５±２．９０、５７．６０±４．５４和４５．４４±３．５１;净肉率（％）３９．７６±０．２４、３９．９７±１．２９、３９．７９±３．９２、４５．６８±４．３９和３４．３１±３．８５;眼肌面积（ｃｍ２）分别为４９．８４±１４．８２、７６．０７±３．６０、３３．２０±５．９２、５５．３５±１５．３１和３４．３７±９．７２。结果表明：大额牛、云南瘤牛、迪庆黄牛和中甸牦牛,在放牧条件下有较好的产肉性能,尤其是云南瘤牛、中甸牦牛的产肉性能更为突出。     

杂交大额牛肉质特性研究初报

 选择健康、年龄1～2岁的大额牛×云南黄牛的杂交大额牛4头，对其在pH 值、失水率、剪切嫩度、熟肉率、肉色、风味等肉质特性进行了测定。结果表明：pH值在6.05～6.26，失水率在10.65%～20.94%，剪切嫩度腰大肌的值为3.08，熟肉率为63.84%。pH值、剪切嫩度、风味等指标，达到优质中高档牛肉的标准。     

Molecular phylogeny and diversity of Myanmar and Bhutan mithun based on mtDNA sequences

The mithun (Bos frontalis), synonymous with mithan and gayal, is considered to be a domesticated form of gaur (B. gaurus). However, there has been a controversy concerning its origin. In an effort to address this issue, the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) genes of 20 mithun from Myanmar and 13 from Bhutan were sequenced to trace its maternal origin. Seven cytb haplotypes were found in the 33 mithun, and the phylogenetic tree for these haplotypes clearly showed three embranchments involving five gaur types, a B. indicus type, and a B. taurus type. Sixteen Myanmar and 12 Bhutan mithun had gaur haplotypes, while a B. indicus haplotype was found in three Myanmar and one Bhutan mithun. The B. taurus haplotype was detected in a single Myanmar animal. These results demonstrated that the principal maternal origin of mithun was gaur and suggested that it was directly domesticated from gaur. However, some introgression of domestic cattle existed in current mithun populations. The presence of cattle mtDNA raised the question of how many cattle nuclear genes might have been integrated into the gene pool of mithun.     

大额牛群体遗传多样性的微卫星标记分析

 利用26对黄牛微卫星引物,对分别来自云南省泸水县凤凰山大额牛保种区和贡山县独龙野牛种源保护基地的2个大额牛群体进行遗传变异分析,研究其群体内的遗传变异和群体间的遗传分化。结果共检测到105个等位基因,每个座位的等位基因数从2~6不等,所有座位平均等位基因数、平均有效等位基因数、平均期望杂合度、平均多态信息含量分别为4.0385±0.9999,3.1393±0.9507,0.6490±0.1246和0.5904±0.1334,表明大额牛群遗传多样性比较丰富。F统计量、基因流、Nei氏遗传距离和遗传相似系数等值反映出两个群体遗传差异较小,遗传分化不明显,遗传一致性较大。     

大额牛起源与系统地位的遗传学分析

 采用PCR直接测序法测定我国大额牛13个个体的线粒体Cyt b基因全序列,并引用其它牛种的序列资料共同构建分子系统树,以探讨大额牛的起源及其系统地位。结果表明,大额牛Cyt b基因全长1140bp,在所有样本中共发现了95个变异位点,定义为5种单倍型。从母系起源的角度来看,我国大额牛种群存在明显的分化,它可能具有十分独特的起源。综合多层次的研究结果可以初步推测,大额牛与印度野牛有着十分密切的关系,它们在较早的世代具有共同的母系起源,并且有可能是现已灭绝的某种野生牛的后代。     

Genetic diversity and origin of Gayal and cattle in Yunnan revealed by mtDNA control region and SRY gene sequence variation

There are hump, humpless cattle and gayal distributed in Yunnan province, south‐west China, but their genetic background remains unclear. To determine the origin and genetic diversity of Yunnan gayal and cattle (Diqing, Nujiang and Wenshan cattle), we analysed mtDNA control region sequences of 71 samples and SRY gene sequences of 39 samples, together with the available sequences in GenBank. The neighbour‐joining phylogeny and the reduced median network analysis showed that Yunnan gayal originated from the hybridization between male Bos frontalis and female Bos taurus or Bos indicus, and that Yunnan cattle mostly originated from B. indicus, also containing some hybrids of male B. indicus and female B. taurus. The phylogenetic pattern of Yunnan cattle was consistent with the recently described cattle matrilineal pool from China and indicated more contribution to the Yunnan cattle from B. indicus than from B. taurus.     

大额牛Myf-5基因克隆、序列分析及其分子系统进化研究

对大额牛Myf-5基因进行PCR扩增、T—A克隆和序列分析，并应用DNAMAN4．0、BioEdit4．8．10、DnaSP4．10、Mega3．1等生物信息学软件同普通牛、黑猩猩、恒河猴、人、狗、家鼠、软体贝壳、鸡、斑马鱼9个物种相应基因编码区核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列进行了比对分析，在此基础上采用NJ、ME和UPGMA法对其编码区核苷酸序列构建了分子系统进化树。结果表明：①大额牛Myf-5基因由3个外显子和2个内含子组成，其大小分别为660、76、1226、852、407bp；外显子和内含子数与其他9个物种相同，但大小存在较大的差异；外显子与内含子连接区遵循GT—AG基因组成规则。②大额牛与普通牛、黑猩猩、恒河猴、人、狗、家鼠、软体贝壳、鸡、斑马鱼的Myf-5基因编码区核苷酸序列同源性分别为99．0％、90．0％、90．5％、90．5％、87．2％、84．8％、72．9％、64．3％、51．8％，相应的氨基酸序列同源性分别为99．6％、94．9％、94．6％、94．9％、89．9％、88．7％、81．6％、70．4％、56．6％，这说明大额牛与其他9个物种在Myf-5基因的编码区核苷酸和相应氨基酸序列上具有较高的保守性。③用NJ、ME和UPGMA等3种方法聚类构建的分子系统进化树表明，3种方法的聚类结果基本一致，即大额牛与普通牛首先聚为一类，人、黑猩猩、恒河猴也先聚为一类，这两类相聚后再依次同其他物种聚在一起。这与mtDNA、其他功能基因和动物学分类的研究结果一致，表明Myf-5基因适合用于物种间系统进化关系的研究。     

Polymorphisms in the bovine hemoglobin‐beta gene provide evidence for gene‐flow between wild species of Bos (Bibos) and domestic cattle in Southeast Asia

The electrophoretic variation in bovine hemoglobin‐beta (HBB) is one of the most investigated genetic markers. The presence of a unique HBB variant, HBB^X, in Southeast Asian cattle has been reputed as a sign of gene‐flow from wild bovine species. In this study, we analyzed the DNA sequences of HBB genes in domestic and wild bovine species to verify this belief. Isoelectric focusing of HBB chain revealed that the HBB^X in domestic cattle had dimorphism and was separated into HBB^X1 and HBB^X2. The HBB^X1 had the same DNA sequence of the common HBB variant in gayal (Bos gaurus frontalis), while some of the HBB^X2 were identical with that of Cambodian banteng (Bos javanicus birmanicus). As a result, we confirmed that the bovine HBB variants can be a good indicator of introgression between wild and domestic cattle. The HBB^X1 was always predominant to HBB^X2 in the continental populations, suggesting that the gaur had contributed to the gene pool of domestic cattle in this region much more than the banteng. On the other hand, the mitochondrial DNA analysis could not detect gene‐flow from wild species. Autosomal markers that can trace the phylogeny between alleles are suitable for the assessment of bovine interspecific introgression.