贵州省鸟类新纪录——栗树鸭

2020年4月14日,在贵州省贵阳阿哈湖国家湿地公园保育区内(106°39′0.13″E,26°30′28.46″N,1107 m)开展鸟类监测,于浅水沼泽区拍摄到2只雁鸭类,经鉴定为栗树鸭(Dendrocygna javanica)。通过查阅相关文献,该种在贵州省的分布尚未记录过,属贵州省鸟类新纪录。本文对发现地概况、形态特征、生境特征和分布现状以及对该物种的保护进行了简要讨论。     

Detection of full and limited amphidromous migratory dynamics of fish in Caribbean rivers

All native fishes living in the Caribbean island rivers are considered diadromous but few species have been validated as diadromous. In Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles) as well as in the other tropical islands, the riverine habitats are subject to strong anthropogenic pressure due to resource modifications or dams. The management of fish biodiversity requires knowledge concerning their life history traits and behaviour that are still unknown for most species at a local scale and at the whole distribution area of the species. In a Guadeloupe river, we inferred the migratory patterns of four freshwater fishes common to Caribbean rivers by the analysis of otolith microchemistry. We found two species Eleotris perniger (Eleotridae) and Sicydium plumieri (Gobiidae) to be completely amphidromous with a marine larval phase and a freshwater adult phase. Agonostomus monticola (Mugilidae) was also found to be amphidromous in this system. The fourth species Gobiesox cephalus (Gobiesocidae) showed elemental ratios suggesting an estuarine larval phase and was defined as “limited amphidromous”. The identification of such life history traits, with limited dispersion abilities, argues for specific management measures in tropical island rivers at a basin scale for the conservation of biodiversity.     

Disease risk perception and diversity of management strategies by farmers: The case of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on water yams (Dioscorea alata) in Guadeloupe

Disease perception and adequate management practices are two essential issues faced by farmers, especially in the current context of climate change which may potentially increase disease risk. We investigated the diversity of water yam cropping systems in Guadeloupe through interviews, how producers and international yam research scientists perceived anthracnose, and how this perception correlated with farmers’ risk management strategies. We found that disease perception by farmers is very close to perception by international yam experts, as both have the same perception of the hierarchy of factors translating into disease. Three different yam production strategies coexist at a local scale, where agronomic practices and socio-economic profiles are distinct and consistent with attitude toward anthracnose risk management. Six factors were perceived as decreasing the disease: associated crop species; crop rotation; staking; weeding; crop monitoring and varietal admixture. Yam producers raising crops more intensively were risk prone, while others usually sought practices to manage disease appearance and spread. Both cumulative risk and past anthracnose epidemic experiences translated into heavier reliance on chemicals. These results have practical implications for designing best yam crop management systems and control of yam anthracnose.     

Larval traits of the Caribbean amphidromous goby Sicydium punctatum (Gobioidei: Sicydiinae) in Guadeloupe

Amphidromous fish are the biggest contributor to the diversity of fish communities in river systems of Caribbean islands. Among them, Sicydium punctatum Perugia, 1896, which is endemic to the West Indies, represents the vast majority of fish in these rivers. The otolith microstructure and the biometry of S. punctatum postlarvae from Guadeloupe were investigated to explore the dispersal modalities of this species through an appreciation of the growth pattern, the pelagic larval duration (PLD) and the size‐at‐recruitment. The study was made on one cohort of 83 recruited postlarvae, fished at the Capesterre River's mouth on 2 November 2011. The mean (±SD) size‐at‐recruitment of the postlarvae was 24.6 ± 1.3 mm (range of 20.5–28.1 mm, n = 83). We found a mean (±SD) PLD of 72.2 ± 10.5 days (range of 54–101.5 days, n = 67). The growth rate estimated from the otolith increments showed a globally decreasing pattern during the marine larval phase. Growth rates at the beginning of the larval stage were significantly different between hatching periods, suggesting a relation between the hatching period and the growth rate in S. punctatum. This study adds on to the general understanding of the life cycle of S. punctatum in Guadeloupe that will help implement strategies to manage amphidromous fish populations in the Caribbean region.     

小兴安岭地区常见蚂蚁营养成分分析

为了更好地开发和利用东北林区丰富的蚂蚁资源,提供现实依据和理论基础,笔者对黑龙江省小兴安岭丰林保护区内2种常见蚁种（拟黑多刺蚁、赤蚁）体内营养成分进行分析测定,并对抗氧化物成分进行了比较。结果表明：拟黑多刺蚁与赤蚁均含有丰富的营养成分,粗蛋白质含量超过所有参比的畜禽类及鱼类食品,分别为62.4%、56.6%,经方差分析得知,两者差异性显著（P＜0.01）;维生素C含量分别为23.0、23.2 mg/g,差异性不显著（F=6.161;P＞0.05）;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）含量分别为73.5、42.5 U/mL,SOD在拟黑多刺蚁体内含量比赤蚁体内含量高72.94%;过氧化物酶（POD）含量分别为7.1、4.7 U/mL,POD在拟黑多刺蚁体内含量比赤蚁体内含量高51.06%。因此,拟黑多刺蚁更适合做为蛋白质保健食品进行开发利用,2种蚂蚁体内抗氧化物成分高,可以做药业成分进行开发利用。     

A Hierarchical Perspective to Woody Plant Encroachment for Conservation of Prairie-Chickens

Encroachment of Great Plains grasslands by fire-sensitive woody plants is a large-scale, regional process that fragments grassland landscapes. Using prairie grouse (Tympanuchus spp.) of conservation concern, we apply hierarchy theory to demonstrate how regional processes constrain lower-level processes and reduce the success of local management. For example, fire and grazing management may be locally important to conservation, but the application of fire and grazing disturbances rarely cause irreversible fragmentation of grasslands in the Great Plains. These disturbance processes cause short-term alterations in vegetation conditions that can be positive or negative, but from a long-term perspective fire maintains large tracts of continuous rangelands by limiting woody plant encroachment. Conservation efforts for prairie grouse should be focused on landscape processes that contribute to landscape fragmentation, such as increased dominance of trees or conversion to other land uses. In fact, reliance on local management (e.g., maintaining vegetation structure) to alter prairie grouse vital rates is less important to grouse population persistence given contemporary landscape level changes. Changing grass height, litter depth, or increasing the cover of forbs may impact a few remaining prairie-chickens, but it will not create useable space at a scale relevant to the historic conditions that existed before land conversion and fire suppression.     

小兴安岭典型温带森林土壤呼吸对强降雨的响应

森林土壤呼吸是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,其对降雨格局的变化如何响应,是当前全球变化研究中的热点问题。本研究以小兴安岭地区原始温带森林(云冷杉红松林)为研究对象,使用SF-3000土壤气体通量自动测量系统,对雨季不同时期4次强降雨前后的土壤呼吸速率、土壤呼吸的组分和相关环境因子进行了连续观测。结果表明:1)土壤温度和含水量协同影响土壤呼吸强度。降雨是影响甚至改变控制土壤呼吸(Rs)的关键环境因子,强降雨使土壤含水量激增,并对土壤温度也有不同程度的影响。雨季初期强降雨对Rs的扰动作用相对较小,雨季中期强降雨可抑制Rs,在雨季结束后强降雨可促进Rs。2)在雨季不同时期的强降雨均不同程度的影响了土壤异养呼吸(Rh)与土壤呼吸的比例(Rh/Rs),相对于土壤自养呼吸(Ra),短时极强降雨对Rh的抑制作用更强。3)加入水分修正系数c的Rs与T5、W5指数关系模型可更好的表征土壤含水量和土壤温度对土壤呼吸的影响,不同雨季时期的强降雨均对土壤的温度敏感系数(Q10)有着显著的影响。强降雨使得土壤对水分的敏感性降低,处于雨季不同时期的土壤水分敏感性表现为:在雨季的开始和结束后,土壤呼吸的水分敏感性较高,而雨季中期的水分敏感性较低。      

小熊猫佝偻病的诊治与探讨

小熊猫 (AilurusFulgens)为世界珍稀观赏动物 ,在我国被列为二级保护动物。由于各动物园饲养小熊猫的笼舍、环境气候的不同及饲养管理上的差异 ,小熊猫发生疾病的类型也不一样 ,主要有传染病、掉毛症、肠炎和外伤等。本文通过对一例患佝偻病的小熊猫诊治过程的总结和探讨 ,为更好地防治小熊猫佝偻病提供参考     

红松林种子、鼠类和幼苗动态数学模型

本文把红松林的种子,鼠类和幼苗幼树作为森林发生和演替的钮带。把它们之间的相互调节和相互依存关系归结为3条基本假设:①不考虑其它干扰因素时,红松种子按理想的自养发育过程指数增长,受鼠类的影响而不断减少;②鼠量随种子数量增加而增加,随自身的衰亡而减少;③幼苗幼树随鼠埋藏作用而增加,随自身稀疏过程而减少。其数学模型为 通过对(Ⅰ)解行为的分析给出红松林生态系统稳定条件为a_2=b_1,a_2b_1>b_2~2(=a_1~2),同时也证明了数学稳定与生物学生态学稳定的,关系,指出了动态平衡和种群波动应是红松林生态系统的典型特征。为开发森林资源维护生态系统平衡提供科学依据,并建立和分析了人为采种和捕鼠条件下的数学模型。     

大小兴安岭生态功能区生态补偿研究

在分析大小兴安岭生态功能区生态地位和生态补偿现状的基础上,从生态补偿的目标、方式、标准、时限、资金的募集等方面设计了大小兴安岭生态功能区生态补偿框架,可为生态功能区生态补偿体系的建立提供参考。