Light and scanning electron microscopy studies on the infection process of melon leaves by Colletotrichum lagenarium

Colletotrichum lagenarium is the casual agent of anthracnose disease of melons. Light and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the infection process of C. lagenarium on the leaves of two melon cultivars differing in susceptibility. On both cultivars conidia began germinating 12 h after inoculation (hai), forming appressoria directly or at the tips of germ-tubes. By 48 hai appressoria had melanised and direct penetration of host tissue had begun. On the susceptible cultivar, infection vesicles formed within 72 hai and developed thick, knotted primary hyphae within epidermal cells. By 96 hai C. lagenarium produced highly branched secondary hyphae that invaded underlying mesophyll cells. After 96 hai, light brown lesions appeared on the leaves, coincident with cell necrosis and invasion by secondary hyphae. While appressoria formed more quickly on the resistant cultivar, fewer germinated to develop biotrophic primary or invasive necrotrophic secondary hyphae than on the susceptible cultivar. These results confirm that C. lagenarium is a hemibiotrophic pathogen, and that resistance in melons restricts colonisation by inhibiting the development of necrotrophic secondary hyphae.     

木霉菌对抑制梨轮纹菌的生理特性研究

梨轮纹病菌被木霉菌感染后,多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性最终下降;丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率上升。初步确定,梨轮纹病菌被木霉感染后,活性氧清除系统等被破坏,膜脂过氧化作用加强,是最终导致菌体受害的原因之一。     

蒜薹采后致病菌种类及侵染规律研究

以金乡蒜薹和苍山蒜薹为试材,研究蒜薹采后病原菌种类、侵染和发病规律。结果表明:导致蒜薹采后贮藏过程中腐烂的病原真菌分为9个属14个种,其中主要是交链格孢属(Alternaria)占28.5%,并且,交链格孢属中,链格孢霉(A.alternate(Fr.)Keissler)最多,占17.9%;其次是葱紫斑交链孢霉(A.porri(Elliott)Cif.),占6.6%,侵染链格孢霉(A.infectoriaSimmons)占4.0%;葡萄孢属(Botrytis),占17.0%,主要是葱鳞葡萄孢霉(B.squamosaWalker)和葱腐葡萄孢霉(B.alliiMunn),占15.6%,灰葡萄孢霉(B.cinereaPers)仅为1.4%;而青霉属(Penicillium)、匐柄霉属(Stemphylium)、镰孢属(Fusarium)、芽枝霉属(Cladosporium)、腐霉属(Pythium)、疫霉属(Phytophthora)和聚端孢霉属(Trichothecium)依次占15.7%、12.6%、7.8%、6.5%、4.9%、3.8%和3.3%。其发病规律是:除青霉属外,其它12种病原菌初期主要侵染蒜薹的薹梢部位,之后再逐渐向薹梗、薹基部位蔓延。     

温度对白菜黑腐病侵染与发病影响的研究

白菜接种墨腐病后，置１５、２０、２５、３０℃的光照培养箱中保温４８ｈ。１１天后移在室温下，病均可以完成侵染。病害的进程随着环境环境的提高面表现出正相关。在上述温度梯度下，大白菜黑腐病病情指数达到５０的天数，分别为３５、３２、２７、８天。使其致死的时间分别为４１、３５、３２、３２天。因此，鉴定时提高环境的温度，有利缩短一病的时间，若接种的温度控制在２５℃或３０℃，则接种后的第１１或第８天即可进行病情     

鸡传染性法氏囊病超强毒901株的分离和鉴定

从暴发鸡传染性法氏囊病死亡率６３．５１％的病死鸡中，分离出一株ＩＢＤ病毒９０１株，经检测，９０１株是一株ＩＢＤＶ超强毒株，可使３１日龄健康雏鸡７１．４％死亡，１０日龄ＳＰＦ鸡胚和３０日龄ＳＰＦ雏鸡１００％死亡。死亡鸡再现了自然暴发ＩＢＤ的典型病变。     

农杆菌侵染小麦的优化方案

本实验选用优质高产小麦品种洛阳8716和绵阳19幼胚愈伤作为受体材料,以pCAMBIA3301为载体,GV3101,EHA105,LBA4404农杆菌为供体材料进行侵染过程的优化研究.采用3种菌株,4个浓度梯度:OD600=0.2,0.5,0.7,1.0;3个时间参数:10 min,30 min,60 min;一共36个处理,每个处理4个重复.结果显示,农杆菌GV3101和EHA105,OD600 1.0×10 min和OD600 0.5×30 min两个侵染处理结果比较好,瞬时表达率达到50%-70%.以小麦幼胚愈伤组织为受体,预培养3～5 d,在24±1℃下,共培养3～4 d和350 mg/L羧苄青霉素除菌及5 mg/L PPT筛选处理后,转化效果较好,平均转化率为0.45%.     

类黄酮对AM真菌侵染菌丝生长及酶活性的影响

类黄酮（hesperitin）能显著促进AM真菌[Glomus intraradices（G.i）、Acaulospora laevis（A.l）、G.i＋A.l]对宿主植物（玉米、棉花）根段的侵染,提高菌丝琥珀酸脱氢酶（Succinate dehydrogenase,SDH）和碱性磷酸酶（Alkaline phosphatase,ALP）的活性.当用15 nmol L^-1、150 nmol L^-1、1.5 μmol L^-1类黄酮处理时,第6周取样,G.i对玉米根段的侵染率分别为76.2%、84.5%、75.8%（对照为45.9%）,菌丝SDH酶活性分别为68.4%、75.9%、67.4%（对照为40.7%）,菌丝ALP酶活性分别为45.8%、51.4%、45.1%（对照为27.1%）;G.i对棉花根段的侵染率分别为85.2%、88.9%、83.8%（对照为59.8%）,菌丝SDH酶活性分别为76.8%、81.2%、75.0%（对照为53.1%）,菌丝ALP酶活性分别为51.2%、53.7%、49.4%（对照为35.2%）.同时,类黄酮能显著增加土壤中AM真菌菌丝的总量,对宿主植物（玉米、棉花）的生物量也有一定的影响.     

Infection, immunity and the neuroendocrine response

The Central Nervous (CNS) and Immune Systems (IS) are the two major adaptive systems which respond rapidly to numerous challenges that are able to compromise health. The defensive response strictly linking innate to acquired immunity, works continuously to limit pathogen invasion and damage. The efficiency of the innate response is crucial for survival and for an optimum priming of acquired immunity. During infection, the immune response is modulated by an integrated neuro-immune network which potentiates innate immunity, controls potential harmful effects and also addresses metabolic and nutritional modifications supporting immune function. In the last decade much knowledge has been gained on the molecular signals that orchestrate this integrated adaptive response, with focus on the systemic mediators which have a crucial role in driving and controlling an efficient protective response. These mediators are also able to signal alterations and control pathway dysfunctions which may be involved in the persistence and/or overexpression of inflammation that may lead to tissue damage and to a negative metabolic impact, causing retarded growth.This review aims to describe some important signalling pathways which drive bidirectional communication between the Immune and Nervous Systems during infection. Particular emphasis is placed on pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunomodulator hormones such as Glucocorticoids (GCs), Growth hormone (GH), Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), and Leptin, as well as nutritional factors such as Zinc (Zn).Finally, the review includes up-to-date information on this neuroimmune cross-talk in domestic animals. Data in domestic animal species are still limited, but there are several exciting areas of research, like the potential interaction pathways between mediators (i.e. cytokine-HPA regulation, IL-6-GCS-Zn, cytokines-GH/IGF-1, IL-6-GH-Leptin and thymus activity) that are or could be promising topics of future research in veterinary medicine.