应用Ovsynch技术促进奶牛产后卵巢周期活动恢复的研究

[目的]确定奶牛产后卵巢周期活动恢复的最佳方案。[方法]应用诱导促排卵（Ovsynch）技术GnRH＋PG、GnRH＋CIDR＋PG及2次PG方法对产后20·d体况评分为2．75～3．50、子宫复1日较好、卵巢无明显卵泡和黄体活动的奶牛进行处理，比较不同处理奶牛产后卵巢开始活动的时间、产后第1次发情时间、产后第1次配种时间、空胎天数等。[结果]GnRH＋CIDR＋PG及2次PG处理可显著缩短奶牛产后卵巢开始活动的时间、产后第1次配种时间和空胎天数；3个处理奶牛产后第1次发情时间无显著差异。[结论]GnRH＋CIDR＋PG及2次PG处理对奶牛产后卵巢周期活动恢复具有明显的促进作用。     

奶牛单基因遗传缺陷研究进展

综述了奶牛遗传缺陷病的危害、种类及遗传方式。对世界荷斯坦联盟和加拿大奶牛协会官方要求在奶牛上系谱注明检测结果的6种遗传缺陷病,脊椎畸形综合症、白细胞粘附缺陷症、牛尿苷酸合酶缺乏症、瓜氨酸血症、凝血因子XI缺陷症（Factor XI）、并趾症也称为骡蹄症的最新研究进展进行了概述。     

奶牛肾小管上皮细胞的原代培养和鉴定

为建立奶牛肾小管上皮细胞的原代培养、传代以及鉴定方法,本研究将肾脏皮质剪碎,并网筛过滤选取肾小管后分别进行直接培养、胶原酶1消化培养、胰蛋白酶消化培养和胰蛋白酶和0．02％EDTA混合消化培养,分别应用上述四种方法进行原代培养和传代培养,然后采用CK-18、PCK和Vimentin三种蛋白进行免疫组化鉴定奶牛肾小管上皮细胞。结果表明,采用消化培养方法都能够得到奶牛肾小管上皮细胞,但是胶原酶1消化得到的活细胞更多,能更快地成功培养奶牛肾小管上皮细胞。胶原酶1消化法是培养奶牛肾小管上皮细胞的理想培养法。     

日粮添加抗菌肽制剂对荷斯坦牛乳中体细胞数的影响

选用体况、胎次、泌乳期以及产奶量相近的荷斯坦泌乳奶牛48头,随机等分成对照组和试验组,在试验组日粮添加抗菌肽制剂50g／（头·d）以研究其对牛奶体细胞数的影响。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,日粮添加抗茵肽制剂能极显著地降低牛乳体细胞数75．86％（P〈0．01）,同时提高乳脂率（P〈0．05）,但对乳蛋白率没有影响（P〉0．05）。     

北京黑白花乳牛蹄底角质中25种元素含量的研究

本实验采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪,在1987年春、秋两季对北京某牛场的黑白花成年乳牛蹄底角质中25种元素(K、Na、S、Ca、P、Mg、Mn、Mo、Cu、Zn、Fe、I、Se、Co、Cd、Cr、Ni、B、Al、Si、Ti、Ba、Ph、As、Hg)进行了测定,并对春、秋季正形蹄与变形蹄、正形蹄与病变蹄,以及春秋正形蹄、变形蹄之间做了对比,还测定了饲料地的土壤、水和饲料中25种元素的含量,与国内外有关资料的结果进行了对比,初步探讨了某牛场成乳牛中正形蹄蹄底角质中25种元素的含量,指出春秋两季正形蹄蹄底角质中25种元素的含量是有差异的,春季正形蹄与变形蹄相比各元素差异均不显著;秋季变形蹄含Mg量显著高于正形蹄,含Ca、Al、Cd和Ti量显著低于正形蹄;春季病变蹄含K、Fe、Mn、Cu、Mg、Al、Ti、Se、I、Pb、Hg量显著高于正形蹄。本文首次提出北京黑白花乳牛正形蹄蹄底角质中Ca、P比值,春季是5.822/1,秋季是6.253/1。此牛场乳牛饮水中Hg含量过高是环境污染的结果。本文为今后进一步研究北京黑白花乳牛蹄角质与元素的关系提供了临床参考的依据。     

酮病奶牛血清中NO含量及NOS活性变化的研究

为了深入研究酮病的发生机理,选择荷斯坦奶牛作实验动物,应用酮粉法和改良式水杨醛比色法随机检测分组,Ⅰ组为10头阳性牛、Ⅱ组为10头对照牛。应用硝酸还原酶法测定血清中一氧化氮(NO)含量和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性。实验结果表明对照组奶牛血清中的NO含量及NOS活性均显著大于阳性组。由此可知,酮病可导致奶牛血清中NO含量降低、NOS活性下降。     

甘肃临夏地区不同规模奶牛养殖的效益分析

通过对临夏地区奶牛小养殖户、养殖大户、行了综合分析。数据表明,小养殖户养殖成本较低;小养殖户和养殖大户在鲜奶销售渠道上有竞争优势;合或组成合作社逐渐向养殖大户和养殖场过渡。养殖场的摸底调查,笔者对不同规模养殖的经济效益进养殖场的奶牛单产高于小养殖户和养殖大户,养殖场较小养殖户在整个奶产业中处于劣势地位,今后应通过联     

Time lag between peak concentrations of plasma and salivary cortisol following a stressful procedure in dairy cattle

Background

Measurement of salivary cortisol has been used extensively as a non-invasive alternative to blood sampling to assess adrenal activity in ruminants. However, there is evidence suggesting a considerable delay in the transfer of cortisol from plasma into saliva. Previous studies in cattle have used long sampling intervals making it difficult to characterise the relationship between plasma and salivary cortisol (PLCort and SACort, respectively) concentrations at different time points and determine whether or not such a time lag exist in large ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterise the relationship between plasma and salivary cortisol and determine if there is a significant time lag between reaching peak cortisol concentrations in plasma and saliva across a 4.25 h time-period, using short sampling intervals of 10–15 min, following social separation in dairy cattle.Five cows were separated from their calves at 4 days after calving, and six calves were separated from a group of four peers at 8 weeks of age. Following separation, the animals were moved to an unfamiliar surrounding where they could not see their calves or pen mates. The animals were catheterised with indwelling jugular catheters 1 day before sampling. Blood and saliva samples were obtained simultaneously before and after separation.

Results

In response to the stressors, PLCort and SACort increased reaching peak concentrations 10 and 20 min after separation, respectively. This suggested a 10 min time lag between peak cortisol concentrations in plasma and saliva, which was further confirmed with a time-series analysis. Considering the 10 min time lag, SACort was strongly correlated with PLCort (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Salivary cortisol correlates well with plasma cortisol and is a good indicator of the time-dependent variations in cortisol concentrations in plasma following acute stress. However, there is a time lag to reach peak cortisol concentrations in saliva compared to those in plasma, which should be considered when saliva samples are used as the only measure of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress in cattle.     

季节·胎次与年单产水平对荷斯坦牛受胎率的影响

[目的]为提高芜湖地区荷斯坦牛的受胎率提供参考依据.[方法]基于奶牛场多年生产记录,研究不同季节、胎次与年单产水平对芜湖地区中国荷斯坦奶牛受胎率的影响.[结果]气温对奶牛受胎率有显著影响(P＜0.05),而湿度对奶牛受胎率的影响不显著(P＞0.05).胎次和年单产水平对奶牛受胎率有极显著影响(P＜0.01).夏季由于热应激,奶牛的受胎率会明显低于其他季节,秋季的奶牛受胎率最高.胎次越高的奶牛受胎率越低,青年奶牛的受胎率最高;年单产水平越高,奶牛的受胎率越低.[结论]不同季节、胎次与年单产水平对奶牛的受胎率都有影响.     

不孕母牛血清抗精子抗体反应与孕酮含量之间的关系

微量滴定板酶免疫法和固相酶染色法分别检测试验组不孕母牛(n=119)和对照组母牛(n=26)包括处女牛、正常空怀母牛和妊娠母牛)的血清孕酮水平和抗精子抗体反应,以研究不孕母牛血清抗精子抗体反应与卵巢功能之间的关系。结果表明:各种原因不孕母牛的血清孕酮含量显著高于处女牛(P>0.05),但与正常空怀母牛和妊娠母牛比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。不孕母牛血清抗精子抗体阳性检出率显著高于对照组(P<0.01),但其抗精子抗体阳性反应血清(n=43)孕酮含量显著低于抗精子抗体阴性反应血清(n=76,P<0.05),而且孕酮含量与抗精子抗体阳性率呈负相关趋势。