Recovery of native plant communities after the control of a dominant invasive plant species, Foeniculum vulgare: Implications for management

The control and/or removal of a dominant invasive species is expected to lead to increases in native species richness and diversity. Small pilot studies were performed on Santa Cruz Island (SCI), California, in the early 1990s to test the efficacy of different methods on the control of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) and management’s effects on native species recovery. We chose a treatment that showed significant native species recovery, applied it at the landscape scale, and followed its effects on fennel infested plant communities. We tested the hypothesis that results from small-scale studies translate to the landscape level. We found that although the control of fennel translated from the small to landscape scale, decreasing from an average of 60% to less than 3% cover, native species recovery did not occur in the landscape study as it did in the pilot studies. Invasive fennel cover was replaced by non-native grass cover over time. Unexpectedly, fennel cover in untreated fennel plots decreased significantly (though not as drastically) from over 60% cover to just under 40% cover while native species richness in untreated areas increased significantly. The correlation between precipitation and changes in native and non-native species richness and abundance in this study imply that changes in species abundances were highly correlated with environmental fluctuations. The lack of a native seedbank and the accumulation of non-native grass litter likely prevented the recovery of native species in treated areas. Greater vertical complexity found in fennel communities, which increased visitation by frugivorous birds and likely increased native seed dispersal, may have been responsible for the increase in native species richness in the untreated areas. These results suggest that successful invasive species control and native species recovery experiments conducted at small scales may not translate to the landscape level, and active restoration should be an organic component of such large-scale projects.     

濒危植物珊瑚菜果实形态和解剖结构观察

[目的]为了能够全面了解国家Ⅱ级濒危植物珊瑚菜的果实形态解剖特征,探讨其在当归亚族乃至整个伞形科的起源与演化地位。[方法]利用普通电镜观察和石蜡切片法,对珊瑚菜的成熟果实外观及果实横切面解剖结构进行了观察。[结果]珊瑚菜分生果压扁类型为背腹轻度压扁,横切面呈近五角星状;分生果5个果棱比较发达,呈角状突起;果壁较其他伞形科植物发达,中果皮细胞层数较多,排列较紧密;果实维管束数目较多且比较发达。[结论]与其他伞形科植物相比,珊瑚菜特殊之处在于果棱具木栓质翅。这是由珊瑚菜果实横切面中维管束较发达造成的。通过与当归亚族中其他属的比较,推测珊瑚菜属在当归亚族中处于相对比较原始的位置。     

中国伞形科当归属及相关类群毛状体和果实结构的系统学价值

深入研究了当归属及其相关7属,古当归属,高山芹属,柳叶芹属,独活属,欧当归属,山芹属及前胡属毛状体和果实结构。结果显示毛状体及果实结构(如:毛状体细胞,翅,油管,维管束,中果皮,内果皮,结合面及结晶)可以用于区分当归属及其相关类群。滇南当归及隆萼当归应从当归属移入独活属,其余当归属物种分为结合面宽及结合面窄两组,前者与前胡属较为相似,但与独活属差别较大,后者与古当归属,高山芹属,柳叶芹属,欧当归属有相似之处。支持分子系统学揭示的当归属不是个自然类群,当归属与前胡属共同位于当归分支,而独活属位于独活分支。山芹属果实结构与其他属不同,翅的中果皮无细胞,且伴生油管位于维管束内侧,为分子系统学显示此属与高山芹属,柳叶芹属,及欧当归属亲缘关系较远提供了形态学依据。     

Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition of ethanolic extract and monoterpenes from Pimpinella anisoides V Brig. (Apiaceae)

Ethanolic extract from the fruits of Pimpinella anisoides, an aromatic plant and a spice, exhibited activity against AChE and BChE, with IC₅₀ values of 227.5 and 362.1 μg/ml, respectively. The most abundant constituents of the extract were trans-anethole, (+)-limonene and (+)-sabinene. trans-Anethole exhibited the highest activity against AChE and BChE with IC₅₀ values of 134.7 and 209.6 μg/ml, respectively. The bicyclic monoterpene (+)-sabinene exhibited a promising activity against AChE (IC₅₀ of 176.5 μg/ml) and BChE (IC₅₀ of 218.6 μg/ml).     

中国伞形科阿魏属及相关类群的果实形态解剖特征及其分类学价值

本文主要采用GMA切片法,深入研究了伞形科芹亚科阿魏属18种(其中16种产自中国)及Dorema属2种果实的结构,结构显示所研究物种果实的分果均为背腹压扁,两个边脊形成翅,内果皮由薄壁细胞构成,结合面与果实宽度相同,两个相对的心皮柄及中果皮有球状结晶。根据果皮、油管及种皮结构可将研究物种分为两组:组1(包括阿魏属4种)油管有隔,中果皮纤维化,种皮均由长方形细胞构成;组2(包括阿魏属16种及Dorema属2种),油管无隔,中果皮由薄壁或轻微木化细胞构成,种皮多为大的方形细胞。Dorema同阿魏属一些物种果实结构非常相似。本研究支持经典分类学指出的阿魏属分类系统是人为的,为分子系统学显示的Dorema应移入阿魏属构成广义阿魏属,广义阿魏属是单系类群提供了形态学依据。     

伞形科参棕亚科及牵环花亚科气孔的结构及其分类学价值

本文首次深入研究了伞形科参棕亚科和牵环花亚科及相关类群34属(参棕亚科9属,牵环花亚科21属)48种植物叶片(茎或果实)的气孔结构,结果显示有3种类型气孔:无规则型,不等型及平列型。参棕亚科的气孔多为平列型,少为无规则型,而牵环花亚科多为无规则型,少为不等型(Gymnophyton除外)。Bowlesia分支的细胞壁多为深波状,其他分支的细胞壁多平直。气孔结构的研究为分子系统学建立的参棕亚科和牵环花亚科,以及Bowlesia分支提供了形态学依据,并支持分子系统学将Apiopetalum,Mackinlaya及Stilbocarpa从五加科分别移入参棕亚科和牵环花亚科,将Homalosciadium,Platysace,Hermas及Klotzschia移出两亚科。     

中国伞形科柴胡属果实结构的系统学价值

本文首次深入研究了中国柴胡属29种,5变种及2变形果实的三维结构。结构显示果实结构变化较大,分果表面平滑,横切面近圆形,脊略微突出。中果皮有两种分泌结构,伴生油管及非伴生油管（油管）。前者仅存在于少数物种,且直径小,后者包括不分支及分支油管。不分支油管存在于多数物种的沟（1～5）和结合面（2～7）,油管通常与分果近等长,但亦存在短油管。少数物种的油管呈分支状,在中果皮不规则分布。种皮由1或2层薄壁细胞构成。胚乳在结合面平直或微凹。中果皮无结晶。心皮柄多为2个,在结合面彼此相对。柴胡属果实的多数特征存在于芹亚科其他类群,但分支状油管及2层细胞的种皮仅见于牵环花亚科,变豆菜亚科及芹亚科的基础类群。柴胡属果实的解剖结构支持分子系统学将柴胡属位于芹亚科其他类群的基础位置。     

江西省伞形科植物区系地理与多样性研究

[目的]研究江西省伞形科植物区系地理特征与多样性特点,为江西省伞形科植物资源的保护和合理开发利用提供理论依据。[方法]采用野外调查和文献资料查询相结合的方法,对江西省伞形科植物的区系地理成分、物种多样性和功能多样性等进行了研究。[结果]江西省伞形科植物属的区系地理成分复杂多样,区系起源古老,具有明显的温带性质,无江西省特有植物。江西省伞形科植物种类组成比较丰富,有26属60种(含变种);优势属明显,少种属和单种属占总属数的比例分别为53.85%和46.15%。[结论]江西省伞形科植物区系地理成分多样,植物组成丰富,功能多样,建议加强江西省伞形科植物资源的保护、评价、引种驯化和开发利用。     

Characterization of fungal pathogens (Diaporthe angelicae and D. eres) responsible for umbel browning and stem necrosis on carrot in France

A collection of 102 Diaporthe isolates was compiled from lesions on carrot, parsley and wild Apiaceae species in France from 2010 to 2014. Molecular typing based on ITS rDNA sequences resulted in the identification of 85 D. angelicae and 17 D. eres isolates. Based on sequences of the 3′ part of the IGS rDNA, intraspecific variability was analysed for 17 D. angelicae and 13 D. eres isolates from diverse plant species, locations in France, and plant tissues. The genetic diversity was greater for D. angelicae isolates than D. eres isolates. In vitro sensitivity of five D. angelicae and four D. eres isolates to each of nine fungicides was similar for isolates of both species, with a marked variation in fungicide sensitivity depending on the active ingredient. To assess the pathogenicity of D. angelicae and D. eres isolates on carrot, one isolate of each species was inoculated onto umbels in a controlled environment. Typical lesions were observed for both isolates. Carrot crop debris collected from a seed production field in France and placed in controlled conditions produced perithecia and ascospores typical of Diaporthe, that were further characterized molecularly as belonging to D. angelicae. Detection of Diaporthe species on seed lots from three carrot production fields in France was investigated. Both species were detected on seeds by conventional PCR assay, with a greater frequency for D. angelicae than D. eres (67% vs 33%, respectively). Overall, the results highlighted that umbel browning in carrot seed crops in France was mainly caused by D. angelicae.     

Evaluating aggressiveness and host range of Alternaria dauci in a controlled environment

The aggressiveness of Alternaria dauci isolates was investigated in greenhouse conditions. Twenty‐seven isolates were pre‐selected from a large collection to represent high diversity according to geographic or host origins and intergenic spacer (IGS) polymorphism. IGS sequence analysis revealed that isolates were grouped within three different clusters. Eleven isolates were selected and inoculated on a susceptible carrot cultivar. Three criteria (mean lesion number, mean necrotic leaf area and mean disease index) were used to assess the aggressiveness of isolates. Continuous variation in aggressiveness was shown and no clear division into isolate classes was evident. For the host range study, two isolates were inoculated under greenhouse conditions onto nine cultivated Apiaceae species, two wild Daucus species and six cultivated non‐Apiaceae species representing six botanical families. Lesions varying in severity were observed on all dicot species (Apiaceae and non‐Apiaceae), but no symptoms developed on the two monocots studied (leek and sweetcorn). Plant species were also differentiated on the basis of expanding lesions (cultivated and wild carrot, dill and fennel) or non‐expanding lesions (other dicot species). Typical A. dauci conidia were observed after in vitro incubation of leaves with symptoms. Fungal structures were isolated from lesions and A. dauci was confirmed on the basis of conidial morphology and specific conventional PCR results. Genotyping of individual isolates performed with microsatellite markers confirmed the presence of the inoculated isolate. The results clearly showed that, in controlled conditions, the host range of A. dauci is not restricted to carrot.