Evidence of sedimentation inequality along riparian areas colonised by Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam)

Soil loss from riparian areas supporting the annual invasive weed, Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam), was measured and compared with equivalent values recorded at nearby, topographically similar areas supporting perennial vegetation over a cumulative seven-year period, along sections of two separate river systems; one in Switzerland, and one in the UK. Soil loss from colonised locations was significantly greater than from reference locations in four of the seven measurement periods. Despite contrasting results, standard deviations, based on soil losses and gains, were predominantly higher for colonised areas at both rivers over most monitoring periods. These findings indicated that areas colonised by Himalayan balsam experience higher sediment flux in comparison with areas free of invasion. Here, we test those original interpretations by reinterrogating the datasets using a more robust analysis of inequality. Nine datasets were tested, five of which (i.e. 56%) showed that sediment flux was significantly greater at Himalayan balsam-invaded areas than at reference areas. Three datasets showed no difference in sediment flux between invaded and reference areas (33%), and one (11%) showed higher sediment flux at reference areas. Most results uphold our original interpretations and support our hypothesis that hydrochory probably dictates where colonisation initially occurs, by depositing Himalayan balsam seeds in slack or depressional areas along river margins. Once Himalayan balsam becomes established and sufficient perennial vegetation is displaced, seasonal die-off and depleted vegetation cover may increase the risk that some areas will experience significantly higher sediment flux.     

桥头跳车原因与防治措施

本文从路在沉降、施工方法和结构体系上对桥头跳车病害进行原因分析,提出减少病害防治措施。     

Economic Benefit Analysis of Sedimentation Reduction by Forests in Miyun Watershed, Beijing

Soil erosion causes the loss of the fertilized surface soil. The eroded soil can be transported into rivers, lakes and reservoirs. The sedimentation raises the riverbed. It also reduces the flood discharge ability of rivers and the storage ability of reservoirs(Sun Lida, et al, 1995; Yu Zhimin, et al, 1999). Various researches proved that forests could reduce soil erosion. Forests in the watershed can decrease the sedimentation of the reservoir (Guo Zhongwei, et al, 1998; Qing Yongsheng, 2…     

The Warrumbungle Post‐Fire Recovery Project—raising the profile of soils

The impacts of a wildfire and subsequent rainfall event in 2013 in the Warrumbungle National Park in New South Wales, Australia were examined in a project designed to provide information on post‐fire recovery expectations and options to land managers. A coherent suite of sub‐projects was implemented, including soil mapping, and studies on soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N), erosion rates, groundcover recovery and stream responses. It was found that the loss of SOC and N increased with fire severity, with the greatest losses from severely burnt sandstone ridges. Approximately 2.4 million t of SOC and ~74,000 t of N were lost from soil to a depth of 10 cm across the 56,290 ha affected. Soil loss from slopes during the subsequent rainfall event was modelled up to 25 t ha^?1, compared to a long‐term mean annual soil loss of 1.06 t ha^?1 year^?1. Groundcover averages generally increased after the fire until spring 2015, by which time rates of soil loss returned to near pre‐fire levels. Streams were filled with sand to bank full levels after the fire and rainfall. Rainfall events in 2015–2016 shifted creek systems into a major erosive phase, with incision through the post‐fire sandy bedload deposits, an erosive phase likely related to loss of topsoils over much of the catchment. The effectiveness of the research was secured by a close engagement with park managers in issue identification and a communications programme. Management outcomes flowing from the research included installation of erosion control works, redesign of access and monitoring of key mass movement hazard areas.     

Limnology of Macrobrachium amazonicum grow‐out ponds subject to high inflow of nutrient‐rich water and different stocking and harvest management

We evaluated the water characteristics and particle sedimentation in Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller 1862) grow‐out ponds supplied with a high inflow of nutrient‐rich water. Prawns were subject to different stocking and harvesting strategies: upper‐graded juveniles, lower‐graded juveniles, non‐graded juveniles+selective harvesting and traditional farming (non‐grading juveniles and total harvest only). Dissolved oxygen, afternoon N‐ammonia and N‐nitrate and soluble orthophosphate were lower in the ponds in comparison with inflow water through the rearing cycle. Ponds stocked with the upper population fraction of graded prawns showed higher turbidity, total suspended solids and total Kjeldahl nitrogen than the remaining treatments. An increase in the chemical oxygen demand:biochemical oxygen demand ratio from inlet (4.9) to pond (7.1–8.0) waters indicated a non‐readily biodegradable fraction enhancement in ponds. The sedimentation mean rate ranged from 0.08 to 0.16 mm day^?1 and sediment contained >80% of organic matter. The major factors affecting pond ecosystem dynamic were the organic load (due to primary production and feed addition) and bioturbation caused by stocking larger animals. Data suggest that M. amazonicum grow‐out in ponds subjected to a high inflow of nutrient‐rich water produce changes in the water properties, huge accumulation of organic sediment at the pond bottom and non‐readily biodegradable material in the water column. However, the water quality remains suitable for aquaculture purposes. Therefore, nutrient‐rich waters, when available, may represent a source of unpaid nutrients, which may be incorporated into economically valued biomass if managed properly.     

黄河沙坡头连续弯道环流运动与冲淤特性实测数据分析

利用声学多普勒流速剖面仪、回声测深仪等测量仪器,对黄河沙坡头段连续弯道中10个典型断面的流速、水深、河床高程等进行了实测.通过分析各断面流速等值线、平面流场和近几年河床高程的变化情况.结果表明,弯道断面流场的主流分布与河床底部泥沙冲淤分布基本相一致,满足弯道水流的一般规律:凹岸冲刷,凸岸淤积.     

平面二维数模研究闸下淤积的缺陷

以姚江大闸和武障河闸为例，对河口水域建闸后的闸下淤积的机理进行了研究。通过应用二维悬沙模型的模拟计算，分析了数学模型在模拟近闸段的淤积时存在的缺陷，对产生问题的原因进行了初步探讨。由于闸下淤积问题存在明显的时空性和区域性特征，应积极研究解决措施。     

陕西省部分小麦栽培品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成及其与品质关系

本研究以36个陕西省主要栽培品种为材料,利用SDS-PAGE方法分析了高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成,并对其SDS沉淀值进行了测定,分析了高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成与代表面包烘烤品质的SDS沉淀值间的关系.结果表明:Glu-1位点存在着广泛的等位基因变异,在所分析的36个品种中,Glu-A1位点亚基1出现频率最高,为63.9%;Glu-B1位点等位基因变异最丰富,其中亚基7 8和7 9出现频率最高,其次为亚基14 15;Glu-D1位点亚基组成以2 12为主;对各位点品质评分与SDS沉淀值的简单相关分析结果表明各位点品质评分与SDS沉淀值均存在着显著或极显著相关关系,各位点影响大小依次为Glu-D1＞Glu-A1＞Glu-B1;Glu-1品质评分与SDS沉淀值极显著正相关.     

Study on Optimum Design of Rectangular Sedimentation Tanks

In this paper,the flow velocity fields,suspended solids concentration fields and flow-through curves in rectangular sedimentation tanks with different reaction baffles location,inlet horizontal velocity and length height ratio are simulated in detail using a developed mathematical model given in Reference 2.According to the numerical results,the influence of different reaction baffles location,inlet horizontal velocity and length height ratio on the operating efficiency is analyzed.Finally,the rational reaction baffles location,inlet horizontal velocity and length height ratio are presented.     

Study on the Sedimentation Rule of the Particles in Debris Flow

In this paper, according to the study on a great number of experiments and data analyses, the sedimentation rule of solid particles in debris flow is set up. Three main factors that influence the particle sedimentation in debris flow were studied; the basic reasons to influence the particle sedimentation were analyzed. The particle sedimentation in debris flow could be divided into three stages,i, e. the starting stage, the quick sedimentation stage and the accumulation stage,and detailed analysis on the sedimentation process each stage was made. The liquid viscosity, particle quality and additional water pressure have an important role on the sedimentation rule of the particle in debris flow.