Global parasite and Rattus rodent invasions: The consequences for rodent‐borne diseases

We summarize the current knowledge on parasitism‐related invasion processes of the globally invasive Rattus lineages, originating from Asia, and how these invasions have impacted the local epidemiology of rodent‐borne diseases. Parasites play an important role in the invasion processes and successes of their hosts through multiple biological mechanisms such as “parasite release,” “immunocompetence advantage,” “biotic resistance” and “novel weapon.” Parasites may also greatly increase the impact of invasions by spillover of parasites and other pathogens, introduced with invasive hosts, into new hosts, potentially leading to novel emerging diseases. Another potential impact is the ability of the invader to amplify local parasites by spillback. In both cases, local fauna and humans may be exposed to new health risks, which may decrease biodiversity and potentially cause increases in human morbidity and mortality. Here we review the current knowledge on these processes and propose some research priorities.     

干酪乳杆菌LC2W胞外多糖的体外免疫活性初步研究

通过细胞毒性试验和细胞增殖试验对干酪乳杆菌LC2W产胞外多糖纯化两组分G1和G2的体外免疫活性进行了初步研究,体外细胞培养试验结果表明,G1和G2均无细胞毒性,在5μg/mL~80μg/mL的浓度范围内,G1与G2对T淋巴细胞增殖的作用差异较大,G1与G2对B淋巴细胞增殖均表现为抑制作用,而且G2的抑制作用比G1强,具有明显的剂量效应,其抑制作用与浓度呈正相关。     

The effect of vitamin E on the serum complement activity of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Rainbow trout were fed three experimental diets with varying levels of vitamin E (α‐tocopherol) supplementation (0, 100 and 1000 mg kg^?1 diet), and the effects of feeding these diets on serum spontaneous haemolytic activity and classical complement activity were investigated. Hepatic α‐tocopherol levels reflected the dietary intake of the vitamin. Fish fed the diet deficient in vitamin E showed reduced growth and increased mortality. Their hepatosomatic index and erythrocyte fragility was significantly higher than both the supplemented groups and haematocrit, and complement activity were all significantly lower. There appeared to be some enhancement of serum complement activity correlated with increased dietary supplementation with vitamin E but the benefits of supplementation at levels above those currently recommended were not established.     

Efficacy of an equal blend of canola oil and poultry fat as an alternate dietary lipid source for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in seawater. II: effects on haematology and immunocompetence

This research examined the haematological and immunological responses of quadruplicate groups of juvenile (～400 g initial weight) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) that had each been fed daily to satiation for 12 weeks one of three high‐energy extruded diets of identical composition except for the supplemental dietary lipid (234.7 g kg^?1) source. The three experimental diets varied in the composition of supplement lipid; diet 1 contained 100% anchovy oil (AO), while diets 2 and 3 replaced 29.8% and 59.7% of the AO (respectively) with a 1:1 blend of canola oil (CO) and poultry fat (PF). Immediately following the feeding trial, a random sample of fish from each diet was sampled for determination of baseline levels of various haematological and immunological parameters. Thereafter, duplicate diet groups were vaccinated (against Listonella anguillarum) and reared on their respective experimental diets for an additional 4 weeks. At that time, the remaining fish were sampled similarly, and the different parameters were measured again. Comparisons between the different diet treatment groups were made before and after vaccination. There were no significant diet treatment effects at either sample time, for haematocrit, differential leucocyte counts, erythrocyte counts, serum hemolytic activity or head kidney leucocyte respiratory burst activity. The fish fed diet 1 however, did show significantly higher post‐vaccination levels of peripheral blood leucocyte respiratory burst activity and higher serum antibody titres against L. anguillarum. The results suggest that the relatively low n‐6/n‐3 fatty acid ratios in the muscle and presumably other tissues of fish fed diet 1, may have resulted in a reduced production of immunocompromising eicosanoids than were produced in fish ingesting the other two diets that were based in part on the different amounts of the CO and PF blend. Long‐term studies are required to confirm this possibility.     

Preparation and Identification of Canine Parvovirus NY Strain VP2 Protein Polyclonal Antibody

This study was aimed to prepare canine parvovirus (CPV) VP2 protein polyclonal antibody.The recombinant expression vector pET28a-CPV-VP2 was constructed and transfromed into E.coli BL21 (DE3),the expression of recombinant proteins was induced by IPTG from which the fusion protein was identified by SDS-PAGE.The target protein was purified and emulsify with adjuvant,the prepared immunogen was inoculated into rabbit by subcutaneous injections to prepare of VP2 protein specific polyclonal antibody.The immuno-activity,titers,neutralization titers of the prepared polyclonal antibody were determined by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA).The results showed that the expressed recombinant protein VP2 (rVP2) existed in the form of inclusion body with a molecular weight of 72 ku.The prepared polyclonal antibody titer was 1 600 dilution,the virus titer was 10⁷ TCID₅₀/mL,the neutralizing titer was 1∶2 884.The antibodies showed specific reaction with CPV.In conclusion,rVP2 specific polyclonal antibody showed wonderful immunocompetence,specificity and neutralizing activity,providing foundation for the development of genetic vaccine and clinical therapeutic method.     

Dual infection with Pythium insidiosum and Blastomyces dermatitidis in a dog

A 4-year-old male neutered Labrador Retriever with severe gastrointestinal signs, but no respiratory signs, was diagnosed with multifocal pyogranulomatous gastritis, enteritis, and lymphadenitis with intralesional hyphae and multifocal pyogranulomatous pneumonia with intralesional yeast. Based on cytologic evaluation, histologic examination with special stains, and immunohistochemical analysis of tissues collected antemortem or at necropsy, dual infections with Pythium insidiosum and Blastomyces dermatitidis were detected and are reported for the first time.     

重组PEA受体结合区蛋白的免疫活性

为了观察重组绿脓杆菌外毒素 A(PEA)受体结合区蛋白在不同动物体内的免疫效果 ,将该蛋白纯化后免疫了小鼠、家兔、山羊等动物。对小鼠进行了攻毒实验 ,通过 EL ISA方法检测了家兔、山羊血清中抗体的消长规律。结果对小鼠的保护情况为 :最后 1次免疫后 14 d小鼠对 3倍 L D50 的 PEA攻毒保护率为 10 0 % ,2 1d保护率为 5 0 % ,2 8d后无保护效果。家兔和山羊免疫后 7～ 14 d达到峰值 ,2 1d后逐渐降低 ,2 8～ 35 d后降至免疫前水平     

复方免疫活性因子对奶牛亚临床型乳房炎的疗效观察

用CMT法检出患隐性乳房炎的实验用奶牛,将检出的阳性奶牛72头随机分为4组,A、B、C 3组为试验组,使用复方免疫活性因子治疗,其中A组为肌肉注射,B组为静脉注射,C组为乳房注射;D组为抗生素对照组.分别在注射药物以后的当天,第2天至第6天用CMT诊断液检测治疗效果,并称量治疗过程中奶牛的泌乳量,用利普斯50试剂盒检测治愈奶牛牛乳中的抗生素残留.结果表明,复方免疫活性因子对奶牛亚临床型乳房炎有较好的治疗作用,治疗后阳性率可降低30.5%以上,同时可使产奶量明显增加,治愈奶牛牛乳中无抗生素残留.