渭河平原2 205年旱涝灾害发生规律及演变特征分析

【目的】分析渭河平原旱涝灾害的演变特征及趋势,为区域防灾减灾措施的制定提供依据。【方法】基于旱涝灾害史料,重建渭河平原2 205年(BC193-AD2012年)的旱涝灾害等级序列,通过绘制旱涝灾害等级图谱,统计不同时间段灾害的分布及持续性规律,并利用累积距平法、滑动T检验法结合小波分析法探究旱涝灾害的阶段性和周期性特征。【结果】2 205年内渭河平原共有796年发生了各类洪涝灾害,旱灾发生总频次为480年,高于涝灾的316年,且旱涝交替现象明显,但近200年旱灾的发生频率有所下降,涝灾则呈上升趋势;2 205年中连旱灾害发生总频率高于连涝灾害,但连涝灾害的发生频率在近300年有增强趋势;旱涝灾害序列可划分为2个干旱期和2个洪涝期,且干旱期的最长持续时间为997年,远高于洪涝期的484年;旱涝灾害在全时间尺度上,存在24年、67～76年、92年和178～198年的显著周期。【结论】渭河平原2 205年的历史中,旱涝灾害发生频繁,且旱涝灾害序列具有明显的阶段性和周期性。     

Effects of an extreme flash flood on the native fish assemblages across a Mediterranean catchment

Abstract  The effects of an extreme flash flood on the native fish assemblages across a Mediterranean catchment in Southwest Portugal were investigated. The fish community structure and habitat were surveyed at 10 sites pre- and post-flood. Overall species richness and rank abundances changed little after the flood, despite there being a consistent decline in the abundance of small cyprinids. Pre- and post-flood habitat correlates of abundance changed for at least some species, and variability in assemblage structure was associated with flood, depth and pH. These results indicate that extreme floods occurring early in the wet season may have little disruptive effects on the overall structure of native fish assemblages in Mediterranean streams, although may at least partially influence population dynamics for some species. Habitat quality and complexity are likely to play a role in mediating species responses to flooding.     

Factors influencing recruitment patterns of Golden Perch (Macquaria ambigua oriens) within a hydrologically variable and regulated Australian tropical river system

Abstract – The links between river flows, water temperature, river regulation and recruitment variability of Golden Perch, Macquaria ambigua oriens, were investigated from the Fitzroy Basin, Queensland. The dominant age classes determined by interpreting growth marks observed in otoliths were variable among rivers. Positive correlations between the age frequency and monthly river flow volumes were greatest in summer (December–March) conversely, autumn, winter and spring river flows correlated poorly for most rivers. Water temperature exhibits strong seasonality across the basin with mean monthly temperatures >23 °C generally occurring between October and April. These data indicate the combination of water temperature and increased river flows are important factors for recruitment. The degree of river regulation is also suspected of contributing to increased variability in dominant age classes within rivers. This assessment highlights the importance of timing of river flows in mitigating the negative effects of river regulation on golden perch populations.     

间歇灌溉对稻田毒死蜱迁移转化特征的影响

间歇灌溉作为丘陵区稻田常见的灌溉方式之一,其强烈的干湿交替过程会影响稻田中污染物的环境行为。在室内批量平衡吸附试验的基础上,通过农药野外喷施试验与动态观测,研究了间歇淹水和持续淹水条件下石灰性紫色土发育的稻田中毒死蜱的迁移转化特征。结果表明,土壤对毒死蜱的吸附能力远远强于其对毒死蜱主要降解产物3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇(3,5,6-TCP)的吸附能力,毒死蜱的吸附容量常数范围为34~170,TCP的吸附容量常数范围为0.62~0.67,且对毒死蜱和TCP的吸附容量常数及分配系数均以耕作层土壤高于非耕作层土壤;施药后田面水中毒死蜱及TCP的浓度均随时间迅速下降,两者均可通过土壤大孔隙优先流快速迁移至50cm深处;间歇灌溉处理稻田土壤孔隙水中两者的浓度总体低于持续淹水处理;降雨和灌溉事件会导致两者由土壤固相迅速向水相发生短时间、高浓度释放与淋失。     

汉江上游与渭河流域特大洪水发生规律的对比研究

以汉江上游安康水库和渭河流域临潼站1960-2000年发生的特大洪水资料为依据,对其发生规律进行了对比研究.结果表明,汉江上游和渭河流域特大洪水的发生具有一些共同特征.主要表现在两大流域特大年径流量年份,完全与华西秋雨多雨年份相对应,但特大洪水并不都是发生在华西秋雨异常多雨年份,而是错前错后发生.受到季风活动及地理环境的影响,汉江上游和渭河流域特大洪水的发生又表现出各自的特殊性,汉江上游特大洪水主要发生在初夏和秋季,渭河流域特大洪水主要发生在盛夏和秋季;一年中汉江上游特大洪水发生时间早于渭河流域;渭河流域秋季特大洪水发生时间早于汉江上游特大洪水.     

明清时期北盘江流域水旱灾害的时空分布特征探析

基于长时段视角,根据史料记载并结合GIS技术,对明清时期北盘江流域水旱灾害的时空分布特征进行分析。结果显示:明清时期北盘江流域水旱灾害频发,并且明代发生次数及频率均小于清代;水旱灾害季节分布明显,分别集中在夏、秋季与春、夏季;水旱灾害的发生具有阶段性,但间歇时间总体呈波浪式缩短趋势;水旱灾害并发与交替发生情况明显;水旱灾害空间分布特征显著,主要分布在贵州普定县、镇宁州、永宁州、安南县、普安县、盘州厅一线,及北盘江流域云南境内部分。研究旨在深化对北盘江流域水旱灾害的时空分布及规律的认知,也为相关部门开展防灾、减灾工作提供参考。     

南方灌区工程水毁的特点、原因和修复对策

１９９８年的特大洪水给湖南、湖北等省的灌区工程造成严重毁坏,其中以渠道、渠系建筑物和圩堤工程水毁最为严重。除了暴雨超常、洪水组合恶劣等自然因素之外,渠道防洪设施缺乏、圩区盲目垦殖、工程建设标准偏低、设计不当、施工控制不严是造成灌区工程水毁的几个主要原因,也是水毁工程修复和重建过程中应引起重视的几个问题。     

基于信息扩散理论的中国粮食主产区水旱灾害风险评估

水旱灾害频发是影响中国粮食安全供给的主要制约因素。该文基于信息扩散理论的风险分析模型,根据1986－2008年期间检索得到的共享数据平台资料,对中国13个粮食主产省（区）的水旱灾害开展风险评估,综合对比分析粮食主产区的水旱灾害风险状况及其空间分布特点。结果表明,中国13个粮食主产省份面临的水旱灾害风险压力均较大,且旱灾风险要大于水灾风险。粮食主产区的水灾风险空间分布格局为南部长江中下游省份多以中度风险为主,东北部和中部黄淮海地区主要为低风险区,而旱灾风险则是东北部和中部黄淮海地区以高、中风险为主,南部长江中下游省份的风险相对较低。     

黄土高原不同水平年旱涝时空分布特征分析

全球气候变暖大背景下,黄土高原总体呈现暖干化趋势,未来干旱还可能会加剧。为了全面了解黄土高原旱涝时空变化特征,为黄土高原应对旱涝灾害提供决策依据,根据黄土高原及周边263个气象站的降水数据划分降水水平年,以标准化降水指数（SPI）为指标,分析了黄土高原地区不同水平年年际及年内旱涝特征。结果显示,黄土高原在丰、平、枯水年均有不同程度的干旱发生。丰水年黄土高原干旱面积占5.7%,雨涝面积占40.9%;平水年干旱面积占12.7%,雨涝面积占19.3%;枯水年干旱面积占44.4%,雨涝面积占17.9%。不同水平年的干旱区域存在差异。不同水平年内春旱较重,丰水年和平水年雨季开始后干旱逐渐缓解,枯水年雨季不能有效缓解春季以来的干旱,且秋涝明显,各水平年年内干旱的时空分布存在显著差异。不同水平年年际和年内旱涝差异大且变化频繁,为了确保黄土高原农业生产旱涝保收,应合理布设小型水利工程与田间灌溉设施。      

The role of floods and droughts on riverine ecosystems under a changing climate

Floods and droughts are key driving forces shaping aquatic ecosystems. Climate change may alter key attributes of these events and consequently health and distribution of aquatic species. Improved knowledge of biological responses to different types of floods and droughts in rivers should allow the better prediction of the ecological consequences of climate change‐induced flow alterations. This review highlights that in unmodified ecosystems, the intensity and direction of biological impacts of floods and droughts vary, but the overall consequence is an increase in biological diversity and ecosystem health. To predict the impact of climate change, metrics that allow the quantitative linking of physical disturbance attributes to the directions and intensities of biological impacts are needed. The link between habitat change and the character of biological response is provided by the frequency of occurrence of the river wave characteristic—that is the event's predictability. The severity of impacts of floods is largely related to the river wave amplitude (flood magnitude), while the impact of droughts is related to river wavelength (drought duration).