Combining fishers’ knowledge and cost‐effective monitoring tools in the management of marine recreational fisheries: A case study of the squid and cuttlefish fishery of the Ría of Vigo (NW Spain)

A new methodology based in the use of fishers’ knowledge and cost‐effective tools to obtain information about marine recreational fisheries (MRF) is presented. The squid and cuttlefish fishery of the Ría of Vigo (NW Spain) was selected because it is managed in a data‐poor environment. In‐depth interviews (57) were conducted with fishers, collecting ecological and socio‐economic information. A cartography of fishing grounds based on their knowledge was obtained, while the intensity of effort and catches was mapped by the monitoring of two vessels with low‐cost GPS data loggers. The 102 shore anglers and 248 recreational boats catch 8 t/year of European squid Loligo vulgaris and 11 t/year of common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (11% of total catches on these species in the area). Shore anglers fish from 11 ports, while boat fishers use 14 fishing grounds (covering 30 km²). Most of the catches (86%) are landed by boats, and their CPUE is higher in the outer part of the Ría of Vigo. The use of fishers’ knowledge and cost‐effective monitoring is encouraged to obtain information for the management of MRF. Given the economic contribution of MRF (260,000 €/year in direct expenses), this activity should be considered in the regulations.     

头足类分类鉴定的研究进展

头足类作为软体动物门中的重要组成,不仅具有很高的经济价值,而且还是海洋生态系统组成中不可或缺的一部分,加大对头足类的开发利用已成为世界各国的目标之一。头足类种类繁多,通常是抹香鲸等高等动物的重要饵料,因此其分类鉴定显得尤为重要。本文从方法和材料两个方面对头足类的分类鉴定进行了系统的回顾与总结。传统的外部形态学与生态学在头足类的分类鉴定已经相当成熟,耳石是头足类信息的良好载体,可作为种类和种群划分的主要依据;角质颚是头足类的主要摄食器官,具有稳定的形态特征、良好的信息储存以及耐腐蚀等特点,不同种类之间有着显著的差别,是分类鉴定的良好材料。头足类的分类鉴定要在发挥传统分类学优势的同时,加大分子水平上的研究力度,并将二者结合,相互佐证。此外,还应加强对头足类硬组织的研究和基础资料积累,并建立完整的数据库及检索系统,使其在分类鉴定中得到更加有效的应用。     

Distribution patterns of loliginid squid paralarvae in relation to the oceanographic features off the South Brazil Bight (22°–25°S)

Loliginid squids constitute marine resources of increasing importance in shelf ecosystems off the coast of South Brazil. However, the existing information and knowledge about the occurrence of early‐life stages and causes of distributional patterns are insufficient. Here, we have revisited Brazilian historical plankton samples obtained from 11 oceanographic surveys to identify paralarvae and their abundances over time. The study area and time period cover the region between Cabo de São Tomé (22°S) and Cananéia (25°S) at depths down to 200 m from 1991 to 2005. Of the 246 paralarvae quantified, ~50% were identified to the genus or species level, including Doryteuthis spp. (D. sanpaulensis and D. plei), Lolliguncula brevis and a single specimen of Pickfordiateuthis pulchella. Paralarval occurrence and abundance peaked in different areas and were associated with distinct oceanographic conditions: D. sanpaulensis occurred in the northern region associated with cold waters and upwelling events, D. plei occurred primarily in the southern region of the study area and in warmer waters, and L. brevis was found in shallow and low salinity waters in the estuarine region off the coast of Santos. Overall, the highest abundance of paralarvae occurred in the nearshore, northernmost areas during summer, and this can be associated with the observed retention mechanisms caused by local circulation, seasonal upwelling, the intrusion of nutrient‐rich waters, and spawning peaks. The present study provides new information and evidence for loliginid patterns in the area that may potentially be useful for better understanding the recruitment patterns and fishery assessments of squid populations.     

气候变化事件对头足类繁殖、年龄生长与早期生活史的影响研究进展

头足类是重要的渔业资源之一,其渔业生物学特性极易受到海洋环境变化的影响。气候中的能量主要储存载体是海洋,近年来频发的气候变化事件引发海洋环境因子变动,直接或间接地改变了头足类的渔业生物学特性,对头足类的渔业生产造成影响。为此,本文归纳和总结了气候变化对头足类繁殖、年龄生长与早期生活史三个方面的影响,并提出了展望。结果表明,气候变化事件的发生极易影响头足类动物的渔业生物学特性,海洋环境因子中的温度和初级生产力变动为主要影响因素。目前,相关研究对象多为柔鱼类和枪乌贼类等经济种,选用的海洋环境因子也多为海洋环境温度,今后应结合其它海洋环境数据研究气候变化事件对其它种类的影响。本文旨为研究气候变化事件对头足类渔业生物学特性的影响提供理论依据,为近年来气候变化事件频发下头足类渔业的可持续发展提供科学指导。     

中国沿海九种头足类齿舌的形态学

采用扫描电镜技术对9种头足类的齿舌进行了显微观察和比较研究。结果显示所研究的物种的齿舌均有7列纵向的齿组成,齿式为3·1·3。乌贼目的7个种(罗氏乌贼Sepiarobsoni、金乌贼S.esculenta、虎斑乌贼S..pharaonis、白斑乌贼S.latimanus、目乌贼S.aculeata、曼氏无针乌贼Sepiellamaindroni、柏氏四盘耳乌贼Euprymnaberryi)中央齿一列,具有一个齿尖;侧齿位于中央齿两侧各3列,分别称为第一、第二和第三侧齿,也称为侧齿,内缘齿和外缘齿;无缘板结构。长蛸Octopusvariabilis和短蛸O.ocellatus中央齿一列,分别有5个、3和5个齿尖,侧齿各3列,具有缘板。文中对九个种的齿舌结构以及彼此的异同进行了详细的描述和比较,并对乌贼类、蛸类和枪乌贼类彼此之间的齿舌关系以及功能差异进行了讨论。     

The influence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation on paralarval market squid (Doryteuthis opalescens)

California market squid (Doryteuthis opalescens) support one of the largest and most valuable fisheries in California. However, market squid abundance varies greatly from year to year, ostensibly as a result of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, although the underlying mechanism is not known. Classic hypotheses suggest that the early larval stage may be the key to uncovering this mechanism. Here, we perform a time series analysis, length‐distribution analysis, and growth analysis to investigate the effects of ENSO on paralarval D. opalescens. In contrast to classic hypotheses, we find that ENSO does not drive early paralarval survival or growth. Instead, we find that the ENSO operates primarily on the late paralarval stage, with El Niño conditions associated with lower survival of late‐stage paralarvae. We also find that time series models which use ENSO conditions during the previous juvenile and adult stage outperform models that use ENSO conditions during the paralarval stage. Our results suggest that the population bottleneck for D. opalescens does not occur in the early paralarval stage, but instead lies later in the squid's life.     

Preliminary trials on the use of large outdoor tanks for the ongrowing of Octopus maya juveniles

Octopus maya has high growth rates, direct embryonic development and high hatchling survival, making it a good candidate for aquaculture diversification. The present study was designed to evaluate growth rate, survival and food conversion of O. maya juveniles cultured in outdoor tanks. Octopuses were captured from the wild during the fishing season, and fed discarded fish heads and whole crabs. Three trials were conducted between 23 and 32 days, in September (trial 1), October (trial 2) and November (trial 3) where a decrease in sea water temperature was registered (29–24 °C, from September to November respectively). Octopuses were held in three outdoor tanks of 5 m² of bottom area and 0.5 m deep, aerated sea water and water flow allowing 10% of water exchange per day. Initial density was between 2.9 and 3.8 kg m^?3 with different initial mean weight of 542.3 ± 18.8, 493 ± 11.9 and 321 ± 7.8 g, for trials 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Specific growth rate varied between 1.8 and 2.7% BW day^?1 with no apparent relation with the culture temperature. These results put in evidence that tanks used are adequate for the ongrowing of O. maya juveniles, with commercial size being attained in a few weeks.     

Selection of marine species and meals for cephalopod feeding based on their essential mineral composition

A quantitative analysis of the essential mineral content (mg kg^?1 dry weight) was carried out in 31 samples, including molluscs, crustaceans, fish and meals in an attempt to identify those most suitable for formulating cephalopod diets. The mineral ratios (MR: content in the test sample/content in whole Octopus vulgaris) were used as index of nutritional quality. Both crustaceans and oysters presented an optimal profile that covered the macro‐ and microelements composition of O. vulgaris. These samples differed from the rest by their higher Ca, Mg, B, Cu and Zn contents based on a principal component analysis. Fish were deficient in macroelements, such as Na (MR: 70–420 g kg^?1) and Mg (MR: 220–690 g kg^?1), but would be good source of K, Ca and P. Most fish were also deficient in Fe, Zn and Cu, although the copper content would be the most affected (MR: 3–130 g kg^?1). Fish and krill meals showed a high content of Ca and P, although both would be deficient in Na (MR: 440–470 g kg^?1) and Cu (130–540 g kg^?1), along with K, Fe and Zn in krill and Mg and B in fish. Among the plant meals, sunflower and soybean were the most appropriate, presenting higher total content of minerals and MRs above 1000 g kg^?1 for all minerals, except Na, Cu and Zn.     

世界头足类资源开发现状及我国远洋鱿钓渔业发展对策

头足类是世界上最具开发潜力的渔业种类之一,已成为世界海洋捕捞业的重要组成。根据1970—2016年世界各国头足类生产统计数据,利用灰色关联方法,对世界头足类渔业及其组成进行了分析;结合我国远洋鱿钓渔业的发展状况,指出存在的问题并提出发展对策。分析认为:1970—2016年世界头足类捕捞产量总体上呈现出较为稳定的增长趋势,年增长率达到3.68%,远高于同期世界海洋捕捞产量的增长率,2014年达到历史最高产量。2010—2016年,头足类捕捞产量占世界捕捞产量的比重稳定在4.5%～6.0%。不同年代柔鱼科、枪乌贼科、乌贼科和章鱼科的产量组成及其比重有所差异,主要生产国家和地区的产量排序发生了很大的变化,2010年代各科所占比重依次为柔鱼类(58.41%)、枪乌贼类(11.98%)、章鱼类(8.92%)、乌贼类(8.40%)。亚洲在40多年的世界头足类渔业组成中地位极为重要,日本头足类产量从1970年代到1990年代的第1位下降到2010年代的第5位,我国从1970年代的第5位上升到2000年代和2010年代的第1位。对大洋性鱿鱼资源的认知能力、开发能力和掌控能力不足是制约我国远洋鱿钓渔业可持续发展的主要问题,为此提出建立与国际接轨的全球远洋渔业资源调查与生产性探捕的监测体系,研制全球远洋鱿钓渔业渔海况信息服务系统,建立自主产权的渔具及标准化装备体系,研发渔获品质控制技术与溯源体系,开展基于物联网工程的远洋渔业信息化建设,建立起我国主导研究的头足类渔业资源评估体系等建议与对策。     

我国几种常见头足类角质颚碳氮稳定同位素分析

头足类角质颚具有稳定的化学成分和物理结构,其稳定同位素分析已成为头足类生态学研究的主要方法之一。本文分别对4种近海头足类(曼氏无针乌贼、杜氏枪乌贼、短蛸和剑尖枪乌贼)角质颚进行稳定同位素分析,研究角质颚中碳、氮稳定同位素比值(~(13)C/~(12)C,δ~(13)C;~(15)N/~(14)N,δ~(15)N)、摄食生态和栖息环境在物种间的差异,分析可能形成差异的原因以及δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值与头足类胴长间的相关性,旨在解读不同头足类所生活栖息的渔场,了解它们所处生态系统中的地位,为渔业开发与管理提供材料,同时也为我们可以更好地利用这些物种提供基础。结果表明,4种头足类的平均胴长关系为杜氏枪乌贼剑尖枪乌贼曼氏无针乌贼短蛸(122.72 mm67.93 mm67.93 mm35.3 mm),平均体质量关系为杜氏枪乌贼曼氏无针乌贼短蛸剑尖枪乌贼(70.39 g50.67 g47.35 g19.93 g),其中:曼氏无针乌贼的δ~(15)N值最大(10.81‰±0.38‰),δ~(13)C值最小(-14.98‰±0.55‰),C/N比值最小(3.08±0.03);剑尖枪乌贼的δ~(15)N值最小(8.21‰±0.30‰),δ~(13)C值最大(-13.00‰±0.54‰),C/N比值最大(3.57±0.06)。曼氏无针乌贼可能具有较高营养水平,剑尖枪乌贼、杜氏枪乌贼相较于短蛸、曼氏无针乌贼生活在较浅水域的栖息环境。杜氏枪乌贼与短蛸的δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值无显著差异(ANOVA,P0.05),它们的生态位圆存在重叠,处于相近的营养级,其他物种间角质颚的δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值存在显著差异(ANOVA,P0.05),生态位圆无重叠。此外杜氏枪乌贼角质颚的δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值与胴长(ML)均呈显著的线性关系(δ~(13)C=0.023 6×L_(ML)-17.429,P0.05;δ~(15)N=0.017 6×L_(ML)+6.873,P0.05),而曼氏无针乌贼、短蛸以及剑尖枪乌贼的胴长与角质颚的δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值相关性不显著(P0.05),说明其摄食习性随体长变化无显著相关。