刈割干扰对羊草草甸草原植物功能群及多样性的影响

【目的】 刈割是草原主要利用方式之一,植物功能群和群落物种多样性是判别干扰条件下草地生态系统退化的重要生态学指标。研究不同刈割干扰下羊草草甸草原植物功能群和群落物种多样性的变化,了解刈割干扰下草原功能群与多样性变化过程和机制,为退化割草地生态恢复提供理论依据。【方法】 以呼伦贝尔羊草草甸草原时空刈割配置为试验平台,于2014—2018年植物生长最旺盛的季节（即每年8月初）,采用样方法对各个小区进行群落植被调查。分析一年一割（G1）、两年一割（G2）、漏割带10 m（G3）、漏割带5 m（G4）和对照（CK）处理下草甸草原群落功能群和物种多样性变化以及刈割时间和不同刈割处理间的交互作用,探讨植物功能群与群落物种多样性的相关关系。【结果】 研究发现羊草（Leymus chinensis）在不同刈割制度下均为优势物种,但是随着刈割频次的增加呈现出羊草重要值逐渐降低,退化指示物种星毛委陵菜（Potentilla acaulis）、披针叶黄华（Thermopsis lanceolate）等重要值增加的趋势;两年一割处理下羊草、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）、长柱沙参（Adenophora stenanthina）、柴胡（Bupleurum scorzonerifolium）和草地早熟禾（Poa ratensis）等植物重要值均高于其他处理。一年一割和常年不刈割处理下草地植物禾本科和豆科植物重要值所占比例减少,以退化植物居多的菊科和莎草科植物所占比例增加,在漏割带为10 m处理草地的豆科植物增加;刈割处理5年后,不同刈割制度下植物群落物种多样性指数均有增加,其中漏割带为10 m处理Shannon-Wiener多样性和Simpson优势度指数增加明显。5个刈割处理均匀度指数变化趋势不同,其中G3和G4处理草地的群落均匀度有增加的趋势,分别增加16%和5.8%,G1、G2和CK草地群落均匀度指数下降,其中G1下降最大（下降了1.8%）,其次是CK（下降1.6%）,G2草地下降最少。植物群落物种多样性指数变化分析表明经过5年不同刈割处理,漏割带10 m处理的草地植物群落物种多样性提高。群落物种多样性指数与植物功能群禾本科重要值存在极显著负相关关系,与毛茛科和菊科重要值呈现显著正相关关系。【结论】 长期高频度刈割会导致草原退化,同样对草原长期不利用也会致使草原发生逆行演替;两年一割和漏割带为10 m的连年刈割均可以缓解群落中禾本科等优势植物比例下降,促进毛茛科植物比例增加;经过5年的不同刈割处理,漏割带为10 m的刈割处理植物群落物种多样性有所提高,即对草原进行适度刈割干扰（两年一割和漏割带10 m）有利于草原的可持续发展。     

生物多样性保护优先区生态网络构建与优化——以太行山片区为例

生物多样性保护优先区是重要物种的栖息地，是生物多样性保护工作的重点区域。基于生态学“源”“汇”理论，提取2000-2016年生态系统转移变化较小、生境质量较好的生态斑块和各类自然保护地作为生态源地，采用最小累积阻力模型构建研究区潜在生态廊道，并进行连通性评价，提出生态网络优化方案。结果表明，林地、灌丛是该区域物种迁移和扩散过程中起主导连接作用的景观类型，占生态廊道面积比例的63.9%，其次是草地，占生态廊道面积比例的13.87%；潜在生态网络结构连接度较高，但部分廊道结构较复杂，冗余性较高；通过重力模型优先选择相互作用力>5的生态廊道，并提取出32个生态断裂点和28个“暂栖息地”，最终提出保护生态源地、分级生态廊道、规划暂栖息地和修复生态断裂点等生态网络优化对策，研究结果可为太行山优先区-太行山片区生物多样性保护提供科学方法和建议。     

Enhancing capacity for freshwater conservation at the genetic level: a demonstration using three stream macroinvertebrates

1. Species diversity is declining more rapidly in freshwater ecosystems than in any other, but the consequences for genetic diversity, and hence evolutionary potential, are poorly understood. In part this reflects limited use and development of modern molecular tools and genetic approaches to address conservation questions in rivers, lakes and wetlands. As widespread, diverse and functionally important organisms, freshwater macroinvertebrates are ideal candidates for genetic approaches to reveal, for example, the conservation consequences of demographic histories and past disturbances. However, the availability of microsatellite markers for this group is very limited.
2. Using next generation sequencing, microsatellite markers were developed for Isoperla grammatica (Poda, 1761), Amphinemura sulcicollis (Stephens, 1836) and Baetis rhodani (Pictet, 1843) to enable conservation genetic investigations of these widespread invertebrate species. Fifty‐two robust microsatellite loci were developed (18, 21 and 13 per species), all with high levels of allelic diversity (7–27, 3–16, 5–13 alleles per loci, respectively).
3. These tools will allow assessment of genetic structure, dispersal and demographic resilience in these model species as a function of environmental change and variation, thereby aiding freshwater monitoring and conservation. The authors urge further capacity building to support genetic applications to the conservation biology of other aquatic organisms.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

乳山近海渔业资源种类组成及变化

根据2013—2015年乳山近海拖网渔船的渔捞日志,分析了乳山近海的单位捕捞努力量渔获量、渔获种类组成及生物多样性等特征。结果表明:(1)乳山近海渔获物共有36种,隶属于19目28科33属。其中鱼类有26种,虾蟹类4种,头足类4种,水母类1种,贝类1种。(2)2013—2015年全年优势种差异明显。其中,蓝点马鲛3年均为优势种,鳀鱼是2014年和2015年优势种,网纹狮子鱼为2013年和2015年的优势种。(3)乳山近海渔获物主要集中在休渔期前后的4—5月、9—11月,渔业生产存在明显的春汛和秋汛。2013—2015年乳山近海单位捕捞努力量渔获量逐年增加,但与历史单位捕捞努力量渔获量相比还是存在明显下降;多样性指数和均匀度指数变化趋势一致,多样性指数和丰富度指数较高值出现在秋季;春汛和秋汛期间,渔业资源种属组成及群落结构相似性较高。     

国际30年来土壤食物网的研究历程与热点分析

利用文献计量学方法,研究1989—2018年来土壤食物网研究领域的热点内容,概括土壤食物网的研究脉络及国际土壤食物网未来的研究方向。结果显示:土壤生物多样性、食物网的碳氮循环功能及管理方式对土壤食物网结构的干扰是现在研究热点,而土壤食物网功能多样性、系统稳定性、及土壤食物网对全球变化的响应则是新兴的研究方向。     

Sacred sites as habitats of culturally important plant species in an Indian megacity

Cultural ecosystem services related to urban green spaces contribute significantly to liveable cities. While previous studies highlight the intersection of cultural ecosystem services with societal values, spiritual or religious values associated with urban nature have received less attention. In India, as in other parts of the world, sacred sites are known for their biological richness, but analyses from urban sacred sites are largely missing. Based on a stratified random sampling approach, we analysed the cultivated and wild plant species assemblages of 69 sacred sites in the megacity of Bengaluru, India, in relation to biological and cultural features, and parameters related to the urban matrix and type of sacred sites (temple vs. katte). Unlike other urban studies, we found a dominance of native species in the cultivated and spontaneous species pools (121 species in total), with Ficus religiosa and Azadirachta indica as most frequently planted species. Culturally relevant species prevailed in the species pool (89%), with overlaps between religious (36%), medicinal (50%) and ornamental (62%) plants; only 11% of species were weeds. Urban matrix parameters (age of development, housing density) and size and type of sacred sites were related to differences in species assemblages. We identified key species for different classes of age and housing density, and for types of sacred sites. Our study demonstrates that urban sacred sites have an important potential in harbouring both native and culturally significant species that can support urban livelihoods in developing countries by a range of cultural and provisioning ecosystem services, including medicinal uses. As such sites are conserved by communities for spiritual or cultural beliefs, local biodiversity can be enhanced, e.g. by adapting management practices through community participation. This would strengthen the important contribution of sacred sites within the green infrastructure of rapidly growing megacities.     

Ecoviability for ecosystem‐based fisheries management

Reconciling food security, economic development and biodiversity conservation is a key challenge, especially in the face of the demographic transition characterizing many countries in the world. Fisheries and marine ecosystems constitute a difficult application of this bio‐economic challenge. Many experts and scientists advocate an ecosystem approach to manage marine socio‐ecosystems for their sustainability and resilience. However, the ways by which to operationalize ecosystem‐based fisheries management (EBFM) remain poorly specified. We propose a specific methodological framework—viability modelling—to do so. We show how viability modelling can be applied using four contrasted case‐studies: two small‐scale fisheries in South America and Pacific and two larger‐scale fisheries in Europe and Australia. The four fisheries are analysed using the same modelling framework, structured around a set of common methods, indicators and scenarios. The calibrated models are dynamic, multispecies and multifleet and account for various sources of uncertainty. A multicriteria evaluation is used to assess the scenarios’ outcomes over a long time horizon with different constraints based on ecological, social and economic reference points. Results show to what extent the bio‐economic and ecosystem risks associated with the adoption of status quo strategies are relatively high and challenge the implementation of EBFM. In contrast, strategies called ecoviability or co‐viability strategies, that aim at satisfying the viability constraints, reduce significantly these ecological and economic risks and promote EBFM. The gains associated with those ecoviability strategies, however, decrease with the intensity of regulations imposed on these fisheries.     

天目山－怀玉山区水源涵养与生物多样性保护 重要区生态承载力评价

为了明确近10年天目山－怀玉山区水源涵养与生物多样性保护重要区生态承载力状况，基于社会发展压力、经济发展压力、资源环境支撑力和生态弹力构建评价指标体系，利用投影寻踪模型对2008—2017年天目山－怀玉山区水源涵养与生物多样性保护重要区生态承载力进行评价。研究结果显示，第三产业占GDP比重、人均国内生产总值、一般工业固体废弃物产生量及森林覆盖率对研究区城市生态承载力有较大影响。2008年研究区城市生态承载力评价等级基本安全的城市有6个，较不安全的城市有5个，不安全的城市有2个。2017年研究区城市里生态承载力评价等级较安全的城市有1个，基本安全的城市有1个，较不安全的城市有7个，不安全的城市有4个。2008—2017年5个城市生态承载力呈上升趋势，8个城市生态承载力呈下降趋势。研究区城市生态承载力在空间分布上呈现由中心向南北递减的趋势。     

Effect of Daidzein on Ileum Microflora Biodiversity in Hy-Line Variety Brown Layers

Daidzein is always added into poultry feed to make the production performance and immunity of poultry better. In this study, a total of 600 40-week-old Hy-Line variety brown layers were randomized into five groups and fed with a corn-soybean-mixed basal diet supplement with 0, 10, 50, 100, and 500 mg · kg^-1 daidzein, respectively. Then, two PCR-based typing methods（RAPD-PCR and ERIC-PCR） were combined to analyze the ileum content and explore the changes of ileum microflora biodiversity. The results of RAPD-PCR and ERIC-PCR showed that bands under 10 mg · kg^-1 and 50 mg · kg^-1 were the most, and their similarity was the largest. Bands under 500 mg · kg^-1 were the least and similarity with other groups was the minimum. Ileum microflora biodiversity under 10 mg · kg^-1 or 50 mg · kg^-1 was richer than that under 500 mg · kg^-1. A corn-soybean-mixed basal diet supplement with 10 mg · kg^-1 to 50 mg · kg^-1 of daidzein might be beneficial to Hy-Line variety brown layers intestinal bacteria.     

山东半岛与辽东半岛蚯蚓生物多样性研究

于2009年在我国的山东半岛和辽东半岛地区采用挖掘法对这些地区不同类型生境采集到的蚯蚓的生物多样性进行了系统调查。野外采集到的蚯蚓置于潮湿土壤带回驻地,在采集当日用70%酒精处死,保存于95%酒精以备研究。部分形态分类特征明显的蚯蚓个体作为模式标本保存于10%福尔马林溶液。本研究据此提供了该地区最新的蚯蚓资源名录。在山东半岛发现陆栖蚯蚓3科6属13种,以巨蚓科(占种类总数的39%)、正蚓科(占种类总数的39%)为主;在辽东半岛调查共发现3科7属16种,以正蚓科(占种类总数的44%)、巨蚓科(占种类总数的31%)为主。作为蠕虫养殖业中的赤子爱胜蚓,在野外环境中也有分布。