氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肠道免疫相关指标的影响

为研究急性氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道免疫功能的影响,将对虾暴露于氨氮浓度为20 mg·L^-1的海水中72 h,测定了不同时间点肠道中抗病原感染指标如酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、溶菌酶(Lys)、酚氧化酶原(proPO)以及抗氧化功能指标如总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、热休克蛋白70(HSP70)、热休克蛋白90(HSP90)等变化。结果显示,与对照组相比,氨氮胁迫后:1)ACP和ALP活性均于6 h显著升高(P<0.05),随后于48~72 h显著低于对照组(P<0.05);Lys活性于24 h显著升高至最大值(P<0.05),随后于72 h显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。2)T-AOC和SOD活性均于6 h和12 h显著高于对照组(P<0.05),随后于48 h和72 h显著降低(P<0.05)。3)HSP70基因表达水平于24 h显著升高至最大值,随后虽有降低,但仍显著高于对照组(P<0.05);HSP90和proPO基因表达水平均于12 h显著升高至最大值(P<0.05),随后于72 h降低至对照组水平(P>0.05)。研究表明,急性氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肠道免疫功能相关指标影响显著,对其肠道免疫防御系统有明显的损伤作用。     

氨氮胁迫对四鼻须鲤鱼肝脏GST酶活力的影响

实验采用生态毒理学方法,以NH4Cl为实验药物,设置0、50、150和250mg/L实验浓度。通过对野生和养殖群体的四鼻须鲤鱼氨氮对肝脏谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶（GST）活力的影响,比较两个群体抗氨氮能力。结果表明：在相同的氨氮浓度和胁迫时间下,四鼻须鲤鱼养殖群体GST酶活力的变化趋势与野生群体大致相同。除250mg/L浓度组在胁迫5d和10d时,野生群体酶活性略低于养殖群体外,在其余时间点的野生群体酶活性均高于养殖群体,而且,在高浓度氨氮胁迫下,野生群体肝脏的GST酶活性达到峰值的时间比养殖群体更短,显示出较强的抗氨氮能力。     

Effect of salinity on survival, growth, oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion of juvenile whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

In this study, we tested the lower salinity tolerance of juvenile shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) at a relatively low temperature (20 °C). In the first of two laboratory experiments, we first abruptly transferred shrimps (6.91 ± 0.05 g wet weight, mean ± SE) from the rearing salinity (35 000 mg L^?1) to salinities of 5000, 15 000, 25 000, 35 000 (control) and 40 000 mg L^?1 at 20 °C. The survival of L. vannamei juvenile was not affected by salinities from 15 000 to 40 000 mg L^?1 during the 96‐h exposure periods. Shrimps exposed to 5000 mg L^?1 were significantly affected by salinity, with a survival of 12.5% after 96 h. The 24‐, 48‐ and 96‐h lethal salinity for 50% (LS₅₀) were 7020, 8510 and 9540 mg L^?1 respectively. In the second experiment, shrimps (5.47 ± 0.09 g wet weight, mean ± SE) were acclimatized to the different salinity levels (5000, 15 000, 25 000, 35 000 and 40 000 mg L^?1) and then maintained for 30 days at 20 °C. Results showed that the survival was significantly lower at 5000 mg L^?1 than at other salinity levels, but the final wet weight under 5000 mg L^?1 treatment was significantly higher than those under other treatments (P<0.05). Feed intake (FI) of shrimp under 5000 mg L^?1 was significantly lower than those of shrimp under 150 00–40 000 mg L^?1; food conversion efficiency (FCE), however, showed a contrasting change (P<0.05). Furthermore, salinity significantly influenced the oxygen consumption rates, ammonia‐N excretion rates and the O/N ratio of test shrimps (P<0.05). The results obtained in our work provide evidence that L. vannamei juveniles have limited capacity to tolerate salinities <10 000 mg L^?1 at a relatively low temperature (20 °C). Results also show that L. vannamei juvenile can recover from the abrupt salinity change between 15 000 and 40 000 mg L^?1 within 24 h.     

中国对虾亲虾的能量代谢研究

本试验测定了中国对虾亲虾在禁食和静息状态下的耗氧率、二氧化碳排出率和氨氮排泄率,研究了它们的呼吸商、氧氮比、能源的化学本质及其消耗量之比。结果表明,体重为85.1±14.8克的亲虾,在水温19～22℃时的耗氧率为0.25±0.08毫克/克·小时,二氧化碳排出率为0.28±0.09毫克/克·小时,氨氮排泄率为8.86±3.53微克/克·小时;亲虾以蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的混台物为能源,其中以蛋白质为主,脂肪次之,碳水化合物的利用最少;亲虾的耗氧率(Y)与体重(W)呈负相关,Y=1.89W~(-1.3),而与性腺发育的影响则相反,性腺发育好的亲虾代谢率高,性腺发育差的亲虾代谢率低。     

膜式氧合器不同解吸方式对水产养殖水体中氨氮去除效果的影响

研究了膜式氧合器3种不同解吸方式，即：O2对流法、真空抽取法和酸吸收法去除水产养殖水体中氨氮的影响因素，并比较对其氨氮的去除效果。结果表明，氨氮初始浓度和pH是氨氮去除率的主要影响因素；当pH＞9时，O2对流法和真空抽取法对氨氮去除效果比pH＜9时要高，而酸吸收法不论pH高低时比其它2种方法都能获得较高的氨氮去除率。     

Effect of ammonia-N on growth and feeding of juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De-Man)

Survival rate, growth and feed intake were determined for late juveniles (4.31 ± 0.18 g) of river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in freshwater with total ammonia‐N (NH₃‐N+NH₄‐N) concentrations of 0.015 (control), 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg L⁻¹ for 60 days at pH 7.53 ± 0.04 and temperature 24.0 ± 2.5°C. Survival rate was significantly (P<0.05) lower (54 ± 4.2–70 ± 5.4%) for total ammonia concentrations from 0.5 to 1.5 mg L⁻¹ [0.0139–0.0419 mg L⁻¹ of unionized ammonia (NH₃)]. Growth (0.026–0.030 g day⁻¹ range) of the prawns did not differ for the different NH₃ levels but were significantly (P<0.05) lower compared with control (0.056 g day⁻¹). Feed intake rates also diminished significantly (P<0.05) from 77.60 ± 2.45% at control (0.015 mg L⁻¹ NH₃‐N) to 48.69 ± 2.13% at 1.5 mg L⁻¹ NH₃‐N (0.0419 mg L⁻¹ of unionized NH₃).     

肥料氮素在土娄土中的淋溶

采用室内土柱恒温条件下模拟研究粪肥或／和尿素混施入土娄土耕层后在多次灌溉下对铵态氮、硝态氮和水溶性有机态氮的淋溶深度和数量的影响。结果表明：三种施肥处理淋出液中氮素形态均以硝态氮为主，且淋溶到９０ｃｍ土层以下，有机、无机肥混施后减少了无机肥中硝态氮的淋溶率；无机肥和有机、无机肥混施处理以铵态氮次之，其量与土层深度呈对数式衰减，显著淋溶到３０ｃｍ土层；而有机肥处理以有机态氮次之，显著淋溶到３０ｃｍ土层，５０ｃｍ以下含量甚微。硝态氮和水溶性有机氮随灌溉水向下迁移，对底土具有培肥作用。     

体外试验中不同粗精比对山羊瘤胃细菌氨态氮利用效率的影响

利用体外发酵法研究了4种粗精比(10∶0、8∶2、6∶4和4∶6)底物对山羊瘤胃细菌产量、15NH3-N利用效率的影响。结果表明:混合培养液的pH值与氨态氮浓度在8h内急剧下降,而后至24h呈缓慢下降;经24h培养的细菌产量在8∶2、6∶4和4∶6组中差异不显著(P>0.05),但都极显著地高于10∶0组(P<0.01);细菌体15N丰度以8∶2及4∶6组较高,显著高于10∶0和6∶4组(P<0.05);细菌体15N富集量以8∶2组最高,底物547.43μg15N中有120.44μg被细菌体富集,显著高于10∶0组(P<0.05),但6∶4、4∶6组与10∶0组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。细菌赖氨酸的相对百分组成随精饲料比例的增加而显著增加,胱氨酸在粗饲料组(10∶0)显著高于其它组,但各精饲料添加组间差异不显著,组氨酸以8∶2组为最高,显著高于10∶0组,但与其它精饲料添加组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

不同温度条件下氨氮对泥蚶的急性毒性影响

在不同的温度条件下,采用实验生态学方法,研究了氨氮对不同年龄阶段泥蚶的急性毒性试验。经双因子方差分析表明：氨氮浓度、温度以及氨氮浓度和温度的相互作用均极显著地影响二龄和三龄泥蚶96 h的成活率。在24℃、28℃、32℃时,总氨氮对二龄泥蚶的96 h LC50分别为348.40、312.99、219.06 mg/L,SC分别为34.84、31.30、21.91 mg/L;总氨氮对三龄泥蚶的96 h LC50分别为681.25、443.20、285.84 mg/L,SC分别为68.13、44.32、28.58 mg/L。     

水稻籽粒硝态氮和铵态氮积累特性及氮肥调控研究

选用5个粳稻品种,通过田间和盆栽试验,分析水稻籽粒中硝态氮和铵态氮含量的品种间差异和籽粒中分布特点、灌浆过程中积累动态变化及其与施氮量和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性间的关系。结果表明,精米中硝态氮和铵态氮含量品种间有显著差异,铵态氮含量高于硝态氮;硝态氮和铵态氮主要分布在籽粒的米糠层里,在籽粒中呈由外到内逐渐降低的变化趋势;随着施氮量的增加,精米中硝态氮和铵态氮含量都大幅度增加,增幅高达114.1%~203.0%,但增加的幅度因品种不同而异;随灌浆进程的推进,籽粒硝态氮含量逐渐增多直至成熟,但硝态氮的日积累量和铵态氮含量随灌浆进程逐渐上升,达到峰值后又逐渐下降,呈单峰曲线变化,抽穗后25 d达到峰值,硝态氮含量高的品种日积累量显著大于含量低的品种,铵态氮含量高的品种灌浆前期积累量少于含量低的品种,而灌浆后期的积累量高于含量低的品种;籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性与硝态氮和铵态氮含量及硝态氮日积累量间均呈显著或极显著正相关。