优质高产抗逆杨树杂交新品种选育

[目的]研究不同杨树杂交组合营造的试验林在抗性、生长性状方面的差异.[方法]按不同杨树杂交组合进行树高、胸径生长方差分析,确定生长性状存在的差异,通过电导率测定和低温处理对组织中MDA含量的影响,找出不同杂交组合抗性的差别.[结果]综合生长性状及抗性调查结果,初步选择出适于吉林省中东部河流冲击平地和低山丘陵地造林的优良杂交组合为大叶山杨×毛新杨.[结论]该研究可为开展大叶山杨杂交育种提供科学依据.     

我国杨树杂交育种的现状和发展对策

在简要介绍了我国杨树资源并回顾了４０年来的杂交育种成就后，把我国杨树杂交育种过程划分成两个时期。第一个时期解决了北方杨树栽培的品种化问题，第二个时期在一定程序上用自己选育的无性系改变了黄河以南到长江中下游地区直接用引入无性系造林的现状。但由于两个时期是一个世代的短期育种活动，方法和程序上缺少改进，都把由种间杂种Ｆ１中选择无性系作为重点，加之基因资源有限，都存在推广无性系亲缘相近潜育的危险性，缺乏长     

苦瓜杂交制种技术研究

苦瓜杂交制种父母本在上午7～9时,且每朵雄花授2～4朵雌花,授粉后30天左右采收,种子各项生理指标均达到较理想的水平,可显著提高杂交种子的产量和质量.     

Hatchery introgression blurs ancient hybridization between brown trout (Salmo trutta) lineages as indicated by complementary allozymes and mtDNA markers

Populations living on the periphery of a species range are subjected to intense habitat pressures that stress their vulnerability to threats. South Iberian brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations are located on the southwestern boundary of the species range in Europe. This region has been described as a contact zone between Atlantic and Mediterranean populations in other fish species, and allozyme data detected natural hybridization between native Atlantic and Mediterranean brown trout in this area. Nevertheless, native pattern of populations relationships are threatened by hybridization with exogenous hatchery fish. Allozyme data and complete mtDNA control region sequences were used to analyse the ongoing processes of human mediated hybridization between native and hatchery brown trout in this region. Estimates of the persistence of hatchery genes detected a high level of introgression in some of the sampled locations (hatchery ancestry more than 25% in GF-1, GF-2 and GF-3), but results differed from both kinds of markers. The low intrapopulation diversity (H_s = 0.051) indicated that genetic drift could explain discrepancies between markers. At individual level, the complementary use of both markers detected more hatchery origin fish than those detected by the use of a single technique. Based on these results, the importance of considering a large number of genetic markers to evaluate introgression accurately is emphasized. The ability of the current management policies to the protection and conservation of marginal populations that retain complex and special evolutionary histories such as those studied is also questioned.     

核不育油用亚麻开花习性与杂交技术研究

核不育油用亚麻的开花习性与普通亚麻基本相同.其开花数与开花所需日数与气候条件和植株分枝多少有关,且比可育株为多.亚麻不育株与可育株的开花顺序相似,均自上而下,由里向外交替开放,各分枝的小分枝也是如此.晴朗的高温低湿天气,清晨5—6时开始开花,8时左右花全开,15时左右花才凋谢.而在低温高湿天气,不育株花的开花与凋谢时间推后.核不育亚麻的柱头生活力可以维持3—4天,以开花当天与次日的生活力最强,结实率最高,故配置杂交组合应在开花当天或次日进行,结实效果最好.花粉生活力的强弱,与温度高低也有关,在低温或冷凉条件下保存花粉,寿命最长,高温下保存的则较短.核不育亚麻作异交后,能分离出约占一半的不育株.其异交结实率的高低,将关系到育种工作的成效及杂种优势的利用.     

Tartary buckwheat breeding (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagopyrum tataricum</Emphasis> L. Gaertn.) through hybridization with its Rice-Tartary type

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is a highly nutritious crop that is widely grown in Asia, but the flour contains a large portion of the hull if it is ground with industrial processing since the hull is very hard to remove as it adheres to the testa layer of the groat. Rice-Tartary, a particular type of Tartary buckwheat, has seeds with a loose hull and the presence of splits on the sides of the seeds that make dehulling easily. The present study reports on the first attempt of crop improvement in Tartary buckwheat breeding through hybridization. Hybrids were obtained by hybridization of crosses between Tartary buckwheat and Rice-Tartary. Additional crosses were made among selected progenies of these crosses. Based on progeny analysis of the F₁, F₂, and F₃, the character of Rice-Tartary, as exhibited as the presence of splits on the sides of the seeds, is controlled by one gene which is homozygous recessive. A Tartary buckwheat breeding program has been conducted for 6 years based on these crosses. Advanced lines with easy dehull and yield potential are at the stage of ready for yield trials. Production of easy dehulling Tartary buckwheat in the future could boost Canada’s domestic and international markets.     

家蚕丝质性状选择效果研究

本文采用系统选择、杂交改良等方法。对解舒、净度、强伸力、茧丝长等家蚕主要丝质性状进行了研究。结果表明,解舒、净度、茧丝长系统选择与杂交改良是有效的;对解舒率和茧丝长进行严格综合系统选择,在一定程度上能克服解舒率与茧丝长的负相关关系;系统选择法所建立的解舒好系与解舒差系能稳定遗传;解舒率与强力、伸长度成正相关,但相关程度很低,一代杂种的强力高于原种。     

Effects of dietary sodium on the expression of angiotensinogen mRNA in myocardium of rats with congestive heart failure

AIM:This study was designed to investigate the effects of sodium restriction and sodium supplementation on the expression of angiotensinogen mRNA in myocardium of rats with congestive heart failure(CHF).METHODS:Radioimmunassay and in situ hybridization techniques were used to determine the angiotensin Ⅱ(AngⅡ)contents and the expression of angiotensinogen(ANG)mRNA in myocardium, respectively.RESULTS: In sodium restricted group, the plasma sodium was obviously lower than that in CHF group(P＜0.05), while the contents of AngⅡ,the expression of ANG mRNA in myocardium and the ratio of heart weight/body weight(HW/BW)were significantly higher than those in CHF group (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). It was also found that the AngⅡ, the mRNA contents in rat myocardium and the ratio of HW/BW were not significantly changed in case of sodium supplementation. CONCLUSION:Restriction of sodium intake can further activate the local renin-angiotensin system in CHF heart.     

几种中国野生菊的染色体组分析及亲缘关系初步研究

通过对不同倍性的几种中国野生菊之间杂种F1减数分裂期染色体的配对分析,对它们的亲缘关系和演化过程进行了研究。观察到甘菊(Dendranthema lavandulifolium)和菊花脑(D.nankingense)是两个亲缘关系较近、但已发生了某种程度分化的二倍体;南京野菊(D.indicum)和尖叶野菊(D.indicum var.acutum)是含有相同染色体组的异源四倍体,毛华菊(D.sestitum)为异源六倍体,它们在减数分裂中期Ⅰ,染色体均能较好地配成二价体构型。尖叶野菊(4x)与菊花脑(2x)、南京野菊(4x)与毛华菊(6x)的F1,染色体配对构型分别接近于9Ⅰ 9Ⅱ和9Ⅰ 18Ⅱ,表明菊花脑或其近缘种是尖叶野菊染色体组之一的供体,南京野菊或其近缘种是毛华菊两个染色体组的供体。本文还对这几种菊属植物的演化过程进行了讨论。     

11个油茶高产无性系最佳配置模式的研究

为了较为科学合理的进行油茶种植,提高油茶产量,研究了江西11个油茶高产无性系的花期、花粉生活力及杂交组合坐果情况和种子含油率。结果表明：①通过花期观察,确定赣55、赣无1、赣无2、赣无16和赣无24花期基本一致。②11个油茶高产无性系的花粉生活力均达到50％以上,在油茶种植配置上花粉活力不会成为油茶高产的限制因子。③通过比较分析杂交组合坐果情况和种子含油率,确定赣无1、赣无16、赣无2、赣无11、赣55、赣190和赣无8混栽为科学合理的配置模式。④综合考虑11个油茶高产无性系的花期、花粉生活力及授粉组合坐果情况和种子含油率,以赣55、赣无1、赣无2和赣无16为主栽品种进行油茶种植,是最佳的配置模式。