Influence of three diets on susceptibility of selected insecticides and activities of detoxification esterases of Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The oriental tobacco worm, Helicoverpa assulta Guenée, is one of the most destructive pests of tobacco and peppers in China. We determined the susceptibility of H. assulta reared on an artificial diet, chili pepper and tobacco to four insecticides (fenvalerate, phoxim, methomyl, indoxacarb) under laboratory conditions associated with the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in its larvae. H. assulta larvae that were fed with chili pepper were more susceptible to fenvalerate, indoxacarb, and phoxim than those that were fed with tobacco and the artificial diet, but not to methomyl. The larvae that were fed with chili pepper were 3.65-, 2.49-, 1.92- and 2.44-fold more susceptible to fenvalerate, phoxim, methomyl, and indoxacarb than those fed with tobacco, respectively. The AChE activities of H. assulta larvae that were fed with chili pepper and tobacco were 2.12 and 1.07 μmol mg⁻¹ 15 min⁻¹, respectively, almost 2-fold difference. The CarE activity of H. assulta larvae that were fed with chili pepper, tobacco and the artificial diet was 4.12, 7.40 and 7.12 μmol mg⁻¹ 30 min⁻¹, respectively. Similarly, the GST activities of H. assulta larvae that were fed with chili pepper, tobacco and the artificial diet was 52.02, 79.37 and 80.02 μmol mg⁻¹ min⁻¹, respectively. H. assulta larvae that were fed with chili pepper were more resistance to the tested insecticides. The low activities of AChE and the high activities of CarE and GST lead to H. assulta become more susceptible to the tested insecticides.     

三种饲料对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼消化酶活性的影响

[目的]探讨饵料与卵形鲳鲹幼鱼消化酶活性的关系。[方法]以浮性饲料、沉性饲料、鱼浆加鳗粉喂养卵形鲳鲹幼鱼21d后,比较了3种饵料对胃、肠、肝胰脏和幽门盲囊消化酶活性的影响。[结果]胃、肠和幽门盲囊蛋白酶均以摄食鱼浆加鳗粉组增加幅度最大,肝胰脏蛋白酶以摄食浮性饲料增加幅度最大,蛋白酶活性均以摄食沉性饲料增加幅度最小。胃淀粉酶以摄食沉性饲料组增加幅度最大,肠、肝胰脏和幽门盲囊淀粉酶均以摄食浮性饲料增加幅度最大,淀粉酶活性均以摄食鱼浆加鳗粉组增加幅度最小。胃、肠、肝胰脏和幽门盲囊脂肪酶均以摄食鱼浆加鳗粉增加幅度最大,均以摄食浮性饲料增加幅度最小。[结论]该研究结果对合理配合饲料养殖有一定的指导作用。     

添加酶制剂对大熊猫日粮能量消化吸收的影响

将多种复合酶制剂应用于移地保护大熊猫的饲养中，在提高大熊猫对日粮总能的消化吸收方面获得成功，在大熊猫日粮中添加０．３０％的生复合酶制剂或纤维素复合制剂，均可显著提高大熊猫饲粮总能的消化吸收率。     

高粗料日粮中添加脂肪对奶年血液代谢产物瘤胃发酵和干物质消化率影响的研究

对50头泌乳中期的奶牛进行为期6周的饲养试验，研究高粗料高脂肪日粮对奶牛血液代谢产物、瘤胃发酵和干物质消化率的影响。试验设有10个重复，每个重复5头奶牛，每头奶牛给定一种日粮。试验用日粮为：对照日粮（日粮1）和试验日粮（高粗料75％高脂肪7．5％，日粮2；高粗料，中等水平脂肪5．0％，日粮3；中等水平粗料65％，高水平脂肪，日粮4；中等水平粗料和脂肪，日粮5；或者对照日粮中含有50％粗料和2．0％脂肪）。这些日粮含氮量相同（CP17．7％）。粗饲料由20苜蓿干草、40％苜蓿半干青贮和40％青贮玉米组成。所用脂肪由80％瘤胃 保护脂肪和20％黄色油脂组成。试验结果表明：试验组和对照组的血糖浓度差异不显著；试验组的血浆非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）高于对照组。而奶牛采食日粮的粗饲料和脂肪水平不同，其NEFA差异不显著；对照组、试验组与粗饲料和脂肪水平不同的日粮的瘤胃PH、瘤胃VFA浓度和干物质消化率差异不显著。     

饲料、温度及成蝇密度对家蝇产卵量的影响

本文研究了饲料、温度、成蝇密度对家蝇产卵量的影响，结果表明：用含有奶粉的饲料饲养幼虫或成蝇，家蝇产卵量最大。最适产卵温度是２４℃，产卵温域是１２．５～３５．３℃。每对平均产卵量与成蝇对数成负相关。群体最适产卵密度是１９４９８对／ｍ３。     

Protein quality of some Nigerian traditional diets based on the African yambean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)

The protein quality of Nigerian traditional diets based on the African yambean (AYB) and pigeon pea (PP) were performed by in vivo and in vitro bioassays. The individual foods were processed, cooked, dried and mixed to resemble the traditional diets. Weanling male Wistar rats (45–55 g) were used for the bioassay. The rats were fed ad libitum for 35 days of which 28 days were for growth and 7 days for N-balance. All the eleven diets including casein (control) provided 1.6 g N/100 g diet. The parameters tested include PER, growth, N-balance, BV, NPU and apparent digestibility (AD). The rats fed the AYB diets, except AYB: Agidi (Ag), showed superiority in most of the parameters tested. There were significant positive correlations between PER and NPU (r=0.925;p<0.001); PER and AD (r=0.908;p<0.001); PER and body weight gain (r=0.969;p<0.001). The in vitro protein digestibility of the diets was significantly correlated (r=0.80;p<0.01) with the in vivo apparent digestibility. These parameters were used to rank the various diets. Crayfish protein was a better supplement to legume/cereal or legume starchy staple mixtures than leguminous oil seed. However, supplementation of PP: steamed corn (SC) diet with crayfish did not prove beneficial. The result showed that diets based on the African yambean, an under-exploited legume, are nutritious. The need for its reintroduction into the fare of the populace through increased production and appropriate processing technology is stressed. The results of this study can form a base for the standardization of Nigerian diets based on these legumes.     

In vivo dry matter and protein digestibility of three plant-derived and four animal-derived feedstuffs and diets for juvenile Australian redclaw, Cherax quadricarinatus

Dry matter and protein digestibility of three plant-derived and four animal-derived feedstuffs and diets in which they were included were evaluated for juvenile Australian redclaw. The ingredients evaluated were: soy paste, textured wheat, sorghum meal, two sardine meals (67% and 58% crude protein), squid meal, and red crab meal. A reference diet was formulated and produced in the CIBNOR nutrition laboratory. Seven experimental diets were then made including 15% of each ingredient in the reference diet. The experiment consists of a single-factor, completely randomized design with five replicates per treatment. Digestibility was measured indirectly, using chromic oxide as a marker. Plant-derived ingredients and the corresponding diets had, in general, a higher digestibility than animal ingredients. Soy paste and sorghum meals, and the diets in which they were included, showed an excellent dry matter (over 87%) and protein (approximately 90%) digestibility. Some of the animal ingredients such as sardine meal 67% CP and squid meal had a good dry matter digestibility (over 80%), but were significantly lower than plant-derived ingredients. The lowest dry matter and protein digestibility was recorded for sardine meal 58% CP and red crab meal. It is concluded that juvenile redclaw are omnivorous and able to efficiently consume diets containing plant- and animal-derived ingredients, but they can digest plant-derived ingredients more efficiently.     

Growth of rainbow trout fed a diet supplemented with earthworms,after chemical treatment

Whole frozen earthworms (Eisenia foetida) were evaluated as a partial replacement for commercial pellets for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Earthworms were blanched and treated with concentrated sodium chloride (10%). Fish were submitted to four treatments: control fish were fed with a commercial diet and three groups of fish were fed with diets partially supplemented with earthworms. All fish showed the same appetite for the earthworm-supplemented diets as for the control diet during the course of the experiment (8 weeks). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were detected in the mean final body weights of all groups of fish. A significant decrease was found in the whole-carcass lipid content of fish fed diets containing 25%, 50% and 75% frozen earthworms. The results on growth rate and feed utilization efficiency of fish fed diets containing high levels of whole frozen worms suggested an adverse effect of worm incorporation, probably due to dietary energy/protein imbalance.     

乌苏里貉生长期颗粒配合饲料择优试验

作者采用单因子随机分组设计方法对育成期乌苏里貉颗粒配合饲料进行了配方筛选择优试验。结果表明，３个试验组貉其体重、体长的增长均较快，组间无显著差异（Ｐ＞００５）；第３组貉对日粮总能、粗蛋白、脂肪的消化率高于１组、２组和对照组，屠宰取皮结果，亦以第３组最好，饲料消耗成本对照组最高，综合比较，本试验以第３组日粮配方较佳。