糯小麦的开发和应用研究进展

旨在总结糯小麦的应用现状，分析制约糯小麦推广应用的关键问题，为糯小麦规模化推广应用提供参考。在糯小麦理化特性方面，重点简述糯小麦的淀粉构成及糊化特性；在糯小麦应用方面，主要对其在食品加工及其他工业生产领域的应用研究进行概述。其中，在食品改良方面，添加少量糯小麦可提升食品的口感和货架期，尤其在冷冻食品中具有独特优势；在酒精工业中，添加糯小麦可明显提升酒精转化率和白酒口感；此外，糯小麦可作为一种新材料，在新型食品开发、造纸、医药等众多工业生产领域有良好的应用潜力。糯小麦淀粉特性优异，在众多领域拥有广阔的应用前景，但目前有关糯小麦在食品加工中的应用价值研究尚未达成一致结果，且尚未见其大面积推广和成功用于商业应用的报道，这些均有待进一步研究。     

灌水对强筋小麦籽粒产量及营养品质的影响

为明确水地强筋冬小麦高产、优质、高效的灌溉技术，试验设3个灌水时期8个灌溉处理［越冬期灌1水（W₁），拔节期灌1水（W₂），孕穗期灌1水（W₃），越冬期和拔节期灌2水（W₁₂），越冬期和孕穗期灌2水（W₁₃），拔节期和孕穗期灌2水（W₂₃），越冬期、拔节期和孕穗期灌3水（W₁₂3），全生育期不灌水处理（CK）］,于小麦成熟期测定籽粒产量、总蛋白及其组分含量和淀粉含量。结果表明，与不灌水的CK比较，所有灌水处理的籽粒产量、有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、蛋白质产量以及籽粒淀粉含量均显著增加，但籽粒的总蛋白及其组分含量均呈不同程度降低（W₁处理除外）。越冬期灌水对有效穗数、籽粒产量、总蛋白及其组分含量、淀粉含量的提升作用较大；拔节期灌水对穗粒数的提升作用较大，但对淀粉含量的提升作用较小，对总蛋白及其组分含量的降低作用较大；孕穗期灌水对千粒重的提升作用较大，对蛋白质产量的提升作用较小。随着灌水次数增加，小麦籽粒产量显著提高，淀粉含量先显著提高后基本不变，而籽粒总蛋白及其组分含量降低。W₁₂3处理籽粒产量最高，其次是W₁₃处理；W₁处理籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量最高，其次是W₁₂及W₁₃处理；W₂₃处理淀粉含量最高，其次是W₁₂或W₁₃处理。综合各项指标，最好的灌水组合是越冬期和孕穗期灌2水（W₁₃）。     

玉米粉淀粉含量近红外模型建立与优化

以230份玉米自交系为样本，采用旋光法与一阶导数及去一条直线的光谱预处理法，构建玉米粉样淀粉含量的近红外分析（NIRS）模型。研究标明，该模型可显著提高子粒淀粉含量预测的准确性。该模型的定标标准偏差（RMSEE）、交叉验证标准偏差（RMSECV）、外部验证标准偏差（RMSEP）、定标相关系数（R_cal²）、交叉验证相关系数（R_cv²）、外部验证相关系数（R_cv²）分别为0.609、0.722、0.738、0.909、0.864和0.854。建立的玉米粉样NIRS模型可将预测值与化学值偏差控制在1.7%内，能够准确定量分析玉米子粒淀粉含量，应用于育种材料早期筛选及群体水平粗淀粉分析。     

水氮供应对灌浆期冬小麦籽粒淀粉合成相关酶活性及产量的影响

为明确不同水氮供应对冬小麦灌浆期籽粒蔗糖代谢、淀粉合成相关酶活性及籽粒产量的影响，在大田栽培条件下，以冬小麦品种矮抗58为材料，设3种水分处理（低水W₀、中水W₁、高水W₂）和4个施氮水平（无氮N₀、低氮N₁、中氮N₂、高氮N₃），研究了不同水氮供应下灌浆期籽粒蔗糖代谢、淀粉合成相关酶活性的变化特点。结果表明，水分胁迫能增加籽粒的蔗糖积累速率，缩短灌浆进程，促进小麦早熟；降低了籽粒中腺苷二膦酸葡萄糖磷酸化酶（ADPG-PPase）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、束缚态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）和淀粉分支酶（SBE）活性。适当增施氮肥能够促进籽粒中蔗糖向淀粉转化，增加4种淀粉合成相关酶活性，其中W₁N₂处理的ADPG-PPase、SSS、GBSS和SBE活性峰值最高， 较W₁N₃、W₁N₁和W₁N₀处理分别增加了1.5%、7.9%、11.9%、5.8%和9.6%、4.5%、4.7%、5.2%和13.6%、7.6%、20.9%、10.5%，氮肥过量会对以上4种酶活性产生抑制作用。适当提高氮肥水平能增加小麦成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重，最终极显著地提高小麦产量，W₁N₂处理较W₀N₀和W₂N₃处理分别增产164.6%、3.0%。在小麦灌浆期间控制土壤田间持水量为60%~65%、配施氮肥240 kg·hm^-2能协同提高小麦籽粒蔗糖含量，保证源器官有足够供应能力，提高淀粉合成酶活性，促进小麦体内碳氮代谢，最终增加产量。     

驳枝和施氮对早花烤烟成熟期水溶性总糖和淀粉含量的影响

在大田条件下,研究驳枝和追施氮肥对早花烤烟成熟期叶片中水溶性总糖和淀粉含量的影响。结果表明：高施氮量抑制烟草叶片的水溶性总糖和淀粉积累,然而低氮促进了中部叶水溶性总糖和淀粉积累。     

灌浆期高温对不同耐热性小麦籽粒淀粉积累的影响

为揭示小麦耐热机理，以3个耐热性不同的小麦品种(系)［44（耐热）、94（热敏感）和中国春（热敏感）］为材料，在开花后15 d至成熟进行胁迫（昼/夜温度37/17 ℃，14/10 h），探究热胁迫对小麦灌浆时间、千粒重、籽粒淀粉含量、组成和淀粉颗粒的影响。结果表明，在高温胁迫处理后，耐热和热敏感小麦籽粒总淀粉含量均降低，直/支比分别下降和升高；与耐热品系44相比，2个热敏感小麦品种的A型淀粉颗粒粒径减小，中间型淀粉颗粒（8~14 μm）增多。这些结果说明，灌浆期高温胁迫抑制了小麦籽粒淀粉的积累，但不同耐热能力的品种（系）对高温胁迫的响应存在差异。     

Structural,rheological and gelatinization properties of wheat starch granules separated from different noodle-making process

In this study, three typical wheat cultivars (ZM366, AK58, and ZM103) with high, medium, and low gluten strength, respectively, were selected as the raw material. The starch granules separated from different stages of the noodle-making process, including kneading, resting, sheeting, cutting, and drying, were used to explore the structure, dynamic rheology, and quality of the noodles. The D50 (median diameter) of the starch granules decreased during the noodle-making process, and the reduction was enhanced by an increase in the gluten strength of the flour. Between steps 4 and 5 of the noodle-making process, the solubility of ZM103 variety increased from 4.3% to 5.0% at 80 °C, while the peak viscosity decreased from 3626 to 3386 mPa s, which resulted in a decrease in the cooking loss of noodles. Similar trend was observed in the ZM366 and AK58 varieties. The gelatinization enthalpy was reduced, suggesting that the crystalline regions of the starch granules were destroyed during the kneading process. Between steps 4 and 5 of the noodle-making process, the elastic modulus of the starch granules significantly increased, while the temperature at which maximum elastic modulus was decreased, indicating an increase in the crystalline stability of starch during the drying process. Correlation analysis indicated that the changes occurred to the gelatinization property was primarily due to the change in the particle size.     

Supplementing white maize masa with anthocyanins: Effects on masa rheology and on the in vitro digestibility and hardness of tortillas

The aim of this work was to supplement masa made from nixtamalized white maize flour (NWMF) with anthocyanins (0.0, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.12 g/100 g of masa), and to evaluate the effects on the rheological properties of the masa and on color, staling, in vitro digestibility, and hardness of tortillas. Tortilla baking reduced the content of anthocyanins by about 10%. The color parameters of the tortillas added with anthocyanins was similar to that of tortillas made with blue maize. Attenuated total reflection ATR-FTIR spectra showed that the 1022/1047 peak ratio increased, indicative that retrogradation increased with storage time, but the ratio was significantly lower for tortillas with added anthocyanins than without them, and lower for higher anthocyanins concentration. Freshly made tortillas added with anthocyanins exhibited lower ready digestible (about 35%) and slowly digestible (about 20%), but higher resistant (about 45%) starch fractions. Tortillas with 0.12 g of anthocyanins showed significantly lower hardness than the control tortillas (without added anthocyanins). Both previous mentioned effects can be associated with retrogradation, which on turn could be linked to anthocyanins-starch complexes and inhibition of amylolytic enzymes.     

Characteristics of grain quality and starch fine structure of japonica rice kernels following preharvest sprouting

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the most serious defects that impacts rice production and grain quality. Knowledge about the effects of PHS on the eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of milled rice is limited. Here, we selected four japonica rice varieties to study the influences of PHS on grain quality. The results showed that PHS strongly led to poor grain appearance and the development of small starch granules whose surfaces were eroded. Analysis of starch fine structure revealed that PHS resulted in amylose (AM) degradation; in particular, PHS caused a decrease in the content of long AM chains. Moreover, PHS led to a decrease in the content of short amylopectin (AP) chains in the varieties Yandao 815 (YD815), Wuyugeng 27 (WY27) and Yangeng 13 (YG13), while the variety Sidao 785 (SD785) displayed the opposite trend. We propose that the main reasons for the decrease in starch crystallinity and the pasting profiles of the germinated rice were due to both the tendency of the AM content to decrease and the degree of this decrease in the content of the different AM chains along with changes in AP and other major components. All these changes caused by PHS led to a decrease in both ECQ and palatability of milled rice.     

玉米胚乳淀粉合成研究进展

玉米淀粉在食品及工业上的不同用途取决于其独特的理化特征及淀粉结构。对理化特征及淀粉结构进行调控需要了解淀粉的合成途径。目前,相关研究认为玉米淀粉的合成主要受4类关键酶（ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶,AGP;淀粉合成酶,SS;淀粉分支酶,SBE;淀粉去分支酶,DBE）的同工酶协同控制。由于同工酶的活性不同,以及编码基因的突变,使淀粉形成独特结构,具备不同用途。本文综述了玉米淀粉合成中4类关键酶的生理生化特性、分子生物学特性以及表达调控等方面的研究概况,提出了淀粉改良的相关途径,并讨论了今后的可能发展方向。