Effect of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dimethylphenol on human erythrocytes

The effects of exposure of human erythrocytes to different concentrations of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and its metabolite—2,4-dimethylphenol (2,4-DMP) were studied. The investigations concerned mainly the content of glutathione (GSH and GSSG), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione transferase (GST), and the level of adenine energy charge (AEC). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide are produced during normal processes in the cell. Under normal conditions, antioxidant systems of the cell minimize damage caused by ROS. When ROS generation increases to an extent that it overcomes the cellular antioxidant systems, the result is oxidative stress. We observed that MCPA and 2,4-DMP decreased the level of GSH in erythrocytes in comparison with control. MCPA did not affect glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase activity, while 2,4-DMP increased their activity. 2,4-DMP decreased the level of ATP and increased the content of ADP and AMP, leading to the fall of the level of AEC. MCPA and 2,4-DMP transform hemoglobin into methemoglobin, thus preventing oxygen transport. Comparison of the toxicity of MCPA and 2,4-DMP revealed that the most prominent changes occurred in human erythrocytes incubated with 2,4-DMP.     

防御酶活性、木质素和总酚含量与 辣椒抗黄瓜花叶病毒的关系

（1中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院蔬菜系，北京 100094； 2山东省烟台农业学校，烟台 264002）     

Termiticidal activity of wood vinegar, its components and their homologues

The termiticidal activity of wood vinegar, its components, and their homologues have been studied. Three kinds of wood vinegar made from the mixed chips ofCryptomeria japonlca andPseudotsga menziesii (wood vinegar A),Quercus serrata (wood vinegar B), andPinus densiflora (wood vinegar C) exhibited high termiticidal activities againstReticulitermes speratus. Acetic acid, which is the largest content of wood vinegar, exhibited high termiticidal acitivity. The contents of organic fraction of wood vinegars and acetic acid might be responsible for the differences in termiticidal activities among these wood vinegars. The structure and termiticidal activity relations of phenols were studied. Phenol with some substituents revealed higher termiticidal activity than benzene derivatives, which have no hydroxyl group; an ortho substituent of phenol plays an important role in termiticidal activity. It has become apparent that high termiticidal activity cannot be obtained by a phenolic hydroxyl group alone; it can be obtained, however, by some substituents, especially an ortho substituent in addition to a phenolic hydroxyl group. The bulkiness of the substituent at the ortho position participates in termiticidal activity; activity decreases as the size of an ortho substituent increases. It is thought that the interaction at the receptor site of termites is affected by the increased size of the ortho substituent.     

Physiology Mechanism of Metabolisms in the Middle Scales of Lilium davidii var. unicolor Bulbs Stored at Low Temperature for Dormancy-Release

Changes in carbohydrate, phenols, free amino acids and endogenous hormones in middle scales of Lilium davidii var.unicolor bulbs during the 101 days storage at 2, 6 and 10℃ in moist sawdust were studied. The results indicated that as the storage time increased and the storage temperature delined, contents of starch and abscisic acid (ABA) decreased markedly, and the level of total soluble sugar, phenols, gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole acetic acid (IAA) increased sharply. In the first 34 days, the contents of the above substances changed most actively. Correlation analysis revealed that the increase in content of total soluble sugar and phenols was respectively caused by activation of amylase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). During the storage, the content of free amino acids decreased, and the level of arginine was the highest and changed most remarkably. According to the results of stepwise regression analysis and path analysis, we could primarily conclude that the metabolism of carbohydrates, phenols and free amino acids in the middle scales may be mainly regulated by endogenous GA3.     

水分胁迫下华山松抗腐烂病的研究

用不同浓度的聚乙二醇（PEG6000）对华山松幼苗进行诱导水分胁迫，树皮的相对膨胀度（RT值）随PEG浓度的增大而下降；且树皮内的酚类物质含量、多酚氧酶（PPO）活性和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性均有所降低，过氧化物酶（POD）活性升高。说明水分状况直接影响着华山松的抗病性。4种酚类物质抑菌试验表明，一定浓度下酚类物质对腐烂病病原菌松黑腐皮壳（Valsa pirni Fr.)菌丝体生长有抑制作用，以香草醛和邻苯二酚抑菌能力最强。     

微氧处理对干红葡萄酒酚类物质的影响

研究了微氧处理对葡萄酒酚类物质的影响,分析了单宁、花色素苷、盐酸指数、明胶指数和 PVP指数的变化。结果表明:适宜的微氧处理可以促进游离态花色素苷向结合态转化,促进单宁聚合 等;相关分析表明单宁、盐酸指数、明胶指数间两两相关,游离花色素苷与其他指标呈负相关。     

防御酶活性、木质素和总酚含量与辣椒抗黄瓜花叶病毒的关系

对不同抗性的辣椒品系接种CMV后,在不同的时间内测定其叶片中防御酶活性、木质素和总酚含量。结果表明:不同抗性品系的POD相对活性升幅及出现的时间不同,且各品系之间差异显著,即有抗性越好酶活性高峰出现越早的趋势,各品系在接种后5d酶活性普遍上升;PAL的相对活性都是先降低,再升高,在接种后15d共同达到酶活性高峰,且各品系之间差异显著;PPO的相对活性都呈升高、降低的趋势,并在接种后10d达到酶活性高峰,且各品系间差异显著;SOD的相对活性除品系301和302外基本上呈下降、上升、下降的趋势,并在接种后10d酶活性降到最低;木质素和总酚的相对含量整体上呈上升趋势,且各品系间的差异显著。相关性分析表明,POD、PAL、PPO、木质素和总酚分别在品系接种后5、15、10、20d的相对活性与抗病性呈显著正相关,SOD相对活性的变化与抗病性无显著相关性。因此,辣椒感染CMV后,不同时间内的POD、PAL、PPO、木质素和总酚含量的变化可以反应出抗病性的差异。     

核桃果实中酚类物质含量变化研究

利用分光光度法测定并分析了晚实光皮绵核桃和地方特异性品种白水核桃在其果实生长发育阶段的青皮和种皮内酚类物质含量。结果表明:①核桃果实中酚类物质的含量是很高的;②光皮绵核桃和白水核桃两品种的种皮和青皮内果实酚类物质含量存在显著差异;③在核桃果实中酚类物质的含量多少在一定程度上影响核桃果实的品质。     

Chemical stabilization of soil organic nitrogen by phenolic lignin residues in anaerobic agroecosystems

This review summarizes independent reports of yield decreases in several agricultural systems that are associated with repeated cropping under wet or submerged soil conditions. Crop and soil data from most of these agroecosystems have led researchers to attribute yield decreases to a reduction in crop uptake of N mineralized from soil organic matter (SOM). These trends are most evident in several long-term field experiments on continuous lowland rice systems in the Philippines, but similar trends are evident in a continuous rice rotation in Arkansas, USA and with no-till cropping systems in North American regions with cool, wet climatic conditions in Spring. Soil analyses from some of these systems have found an accumulation of phenolic lignin compounds in SOM. Phenolic compounds covalently bind nitrogenous compounds into recalcitrant forms in laboratory conditions and occurrence of this chemical immobilization under field conditions would be consistent with field observations of reduced soil N supply. However, technological shortcomings have precluded its demonstration for naturally formed SOM. Through recent advances in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, agronomically significant quantities of lignin-bound N were found in a triple-cropped rice soil in the Philippines. A major research challenge is to demonstrate in the anaerobic agroecosystems that these lignin residues bind sufficient quantities of soil N to cause the observed yield decreases. A key objective will be to elucidate the cycling dynamics of lignin-bound N relative to the seasonal pattern of crop N demand. Anaerobic decomposition of crop residues may be the key feature of anaerobic cropping systems that promotes the accumulation of phenolic lignin residues and hence the covalent binding of soil N. Potential mitigation options include improved timing of applied N fertilizer, which has already been shown to reverse yield decreases in tropical rice, and aerobic decomposition of crop residues, which can be accomplished through field drainage or timing of tillage operations. Future research will evaluate whether aerobic decomposition promotes the formation of phenol-depleted SOM and greater in-season N mineralization, even when the soil is otherwise maintained under flooded conditions during the growing season.     

松材线虫对马尾松不同地理种源酚类物质的影响

对接种松材线虫后衡阳和广西2个地理种源马尾松的多酚氧化酶活性、总酚含量以及绿原酸含量的动态变化进行了研究。结果表明:接种后,随着接种时间的推移,马尾松体内多酚氧化酶活性呈现增高趋势,在抗病种源中酶活性的变化程度和速度大于敏感种源;同时,与敏感种源相比,抗病种源总酚和绿原酸含量在积累水平上要高,并且也能在较长时间内维持较高浓度。因此,马尾松针叶中多酚氧化酶活性及酚类物质变化差异与松材线虫病抗性具有密切关系。