杆式除草器的土壤反作用力

为了改进杆式除草器的入土性能并减少其牵引阻力,在实验室土槽内对四种不同形状的除草器的土壤反作用力进行了测试。本试验采用了裂区实验设计;土壤类型为主区,除草器的形状,转速、前进速度及耕深在小区内。实验数据是由一个计算机化六分力式数据采集系统采集的。在测试的四种形状中,十字形截面的除草器所受到的牵引阻力和垂直支反力最小,具有良好的入土性能,优于圆形、方形和三角形截面的除草器。     

Evidence of synergy with ‘stacked’ intrarow cultivation tools

Intrarow cultivation efficacy is often low and highly variable. As the mechanisms affecting weed mortality likely vary by tool, several companies have developed cultivators with the ability to use several different intrarow tools at once. We evaluated the potential for such ‘stacking’ of cultivation tools to increase efficacy. We used different sequences of torsion weeders, finger weeders and row harrows in a test crop of maize with surrogate weeds, Sinapis alba and Panicum miliaceum. Most tool combinations resulted in an additive increase in efficacy compared with the individual tools, but the combination of torsion–finger–row harrow demonstrated a synergistic increase in efficacy. In separate experiments, forward speed, soil moisture and weed size were negatively correlated with efficacy, but the torsion–finger–row harrow combination continued to demonstrate a synergistic increase in efficacy compared with the individual tools in 7 of 11 cases. The drawback was high crop mortality (16.0 ± 1.16%); further mechanistic research is needed to reduce crop mortality while maintaining high mean efficacy, through tool design, adjustment and cultural factors.     

自走式茶园除草机的设计与试验

为了解决现有茶园除草人工除草效率低下、化学除草农残超标、密植茶园行距较小等问题,设计了一种小型自走式茶园除草机。详细介绍了机具的基本结构、工作原理和性能参数,重点对该机动力、除草轮和传动系统进行了选配设计,最后通过4因素3水平的正交试验,找出影响除草效果的因素。试验结果表明:对除草率的影响程度大小依次为除草轮转速、除草深度、除草刀个数、机具前进速度;综合功率消耗的情况,得出除草效果最优组合为除草轮转速为350r/min、机具前进速度0.8m/s、除草深度30mm、除草刀个数为6;此时的除草率为80.7%,能够达到较好的除草和控草效果。     

基于ProE的复合式水田除草器设计与运动仿真分析

运用ProE软件设计了一种由指辊和刀辊组合的新型复合式水田除草器,工作时可对杂草进行拉拔、埋压等复合式机械作用。应用ProE软件中的运动仿真模块对除草关键部件进行了运动学仿真,得到了机具前进速度一定时指辊的指齿顶点在3种不同转速下工作的运动轨迹,通过对运动轨迹的分析可优化除草部件的最佳转速范围。     

Robotic weeding's false dawn? Ten requirements for fully autonomous mechanical weed management

While machines called weeding robots are now commercially available and many more designs are being actively researched, I contend that current machines are not truly robotic weeders, rather they are essentially self‐guiding vehicles carrying weeding tools. I consider true robotic weeders to be a far more difficult objective. While advances in robotics have been outstanding, the weeding component often appears to be an afterthought. I contend that the weeding is as complex as the robotics. A genuine weeding robot should be able to: (i) monitor the crop, weeds, weather and soil, (ii) decide when the crop should be weeded, (iii) choose the optimal weeder, (iv) take the weeder to the field, (v) adjust the weeder for optimal performance, (vi) continuously monitor the entire weeder for blockages and mechanical breakages and fix them in the field, (vii) continuously monitor and adjust the weeder's performance, (viii) return the weeder to the farmyard and (ix) clean, maintain and store the weeder, that is replace all human intervention. This ten‐point list both defines and is a guide to what is required for completely autonomous robotic weeding. Currently, this list is far beyond current technology and it may be decades before it is realisable. The aim of this study therefore was not to disparage the achievements of agricultural roboticists, rather it is to highlight the complexity and demands of mechanical weeding and therefore describe what is really required to create a true robotic weeder. I therefore hope it will guide and expedite research and lead to more rapid success for robotic weeding.     

弹齿式苗间锄草机的改进设计

针对早期研制的锄草机在使用中伤苗严重和苗间草锄不净等问题,在原有苗间锄草机的基础上进行了改进设计,利用作物与杂草根系发育差异大的特性定期锄草。为此,对改进的弹齿式苗间锄草机的总体结构、主要工作部件和传动系统的设计进行了论述;同时,对机具的作业效果进行了分析。结果表明:该机具有结构简单紧凑、调整方便、适应性强和伤苗率低等特点,适合于豆类作物的苗间机械锄草。     

步进式水田中耕除草机的研制与试验

为解决水田的除草问题,增加现有机具的作业功能,该文在步进式插秧机底盘结构的基础上,研制了一种步进式水田中耕除草机。该机由步进式插秧机底盘提供动力,主要由机架、传动系统、仿形及耕深调节机构以及复合式除草部件指辊和刀辊等组成,可实现对杂草的拉拔和埋压。田间试验结果表明:该机配备复合式除草部件、工作速度为0.5m/s、除草深度为50mm时,行间除草率为83.7%,伤苗率为4.1%,可在草量多、杂草高的水田中进行有效除草。     

3GY-1920型宽幅水田中耕除草机的设计与试验

为了提高机械除草的作业效率、降低地头频繁调头引起的伤苗率,该文研制了3GY-1920型宽幅水田中耕除草机。该机由12 k W水田拖拉机提供动力,工作幅宽为5.7 m,一次作业可覆盖6行插秧机3个行程的作业宽度,并配备了4个双作用液压缸,控制整个机架的展开闭合与除草轮位置的横向调节。该文结合水田土壤特性和现有除草部件的特点,通过对除草轮的运动学与显式动力学仿真分析,设计并优化了螺旋刀齿式样除草轮,该除草轮通过与土壤及杂草的剪切、翻耕作用实现中耕除草作业。田间除草试验结果表明:在机具不同前进速度(0.3、0.6、0.9 m/s)和除草轮入土深度(3、6、9 cm)条件下,该机平均除草率为82%,伤苗率为4.8%;根据机具作业速度和幅宽可知该机作业效率为0.6~1.8 hm2/h;整机工作性能和作业效率满足水稻田机械中耕除草作业的技术要求。机械除草与化学除草产量对比试验结果表明:在试验区域内,机械除草产量高于化学除草,该研究可为中耕除草对水稻田产量的影响提供参考。     

Effect of stale seedbed preparations and subsequent weed control in lettuce (cv. Iceboll) on weed densities

The effects of stale seedbed preparations and several weed control methods on the emergence of weeds in lettuce were studied. The specific goal was to evaluate the use of a stale seedbed in combination with chemical or mechanical weed control methods in the field. Depending on location and year, stale seedbed preparations followed by weed control prior to planting reduced the amount of weeds during crop growth by 43–83%. Control of the emerged seedlings after a stale seedbed preparation was more effective with glyphosate than with a rotary harrow. Covering the rotary harrow during control to prevent light reaching the soil improved its effect on the weed density during crop growth in two of 3 years. Radiation with far red light (FR) did not reduce the number of emerging weeds in this study. Mechanical control by finger weeder, torsion weeder and hoe was applied without stale seedbed preparations. These measures reduced the weed densities by 88–99%, compared with the untreated control and were more effective than chemical weed control with carbetamide and chlorpropham. The results show that the stale seedbed technique in combination with mechanical control of emerging weeds can reduce the weed population during crop growth as effectively as chemical control. The technique may therefore help reduce the use of herbicides in lettuce crops in the future.     

基于遥控转向的稻田行间除草机设计与试验

为提高机械除草作业效率，减轻劳动强度，解决稻田除草机作业过程中除草率低、伤苗率高等问题，结合水田行间除草农艺要求，设计了一种基于遥控转向的稻田行间除草机。阐述了整体结构及工作原理，建立除草机的力学模型，通过分析获得了主动除草轮所需最大驱动力矩为49.42N·m，根据阿克曼转向原理设计了梯形转向机构，通过分析确定了梯形转向机构的结构参数，对转向过程进行力学分析得到梯形转向机构所需最大驱动扭矩理论值为4.57·m，并对转向控制系统进行设计，实现远程控制除草机转向及接收反馈信息功能。进行了除草机转向性能试验，记录除草机实际转角与理论转角并进行对比，试验结果表明，理论转角与实际转角最大偏差为1.3°，控制系统精度较高，满足田间实际作业时的转向要求；进行了除草性能试验，田间试验结果表明，除草机除草率均不低于77.9%，伤苗率均不高于3%，满足水田除草农艺指标的要求。