两种春化方式对不同萝卜品种抽薹开花的影响

以4种不同生态类型的萝卜品种为试材,研究了种子春化及种子春化结合幼苗春化两种处理方式对萝卜抽墓开花的影响,以探讨在北京地区如何实现不同萝卜品种冬季温室加代繁殖的目的.实验结果表明:对于不耐抽薹即春性强的的萝卜品种,单一的种子春化处理即可实现加代目的;但对于耐抽薹即春性弱的萝卜品种,必须将种子春化与幼苗春化结合起来,才能实现加代目的.     

Effects of loci determining photoperiod sensitivity (Ppd-H1) and vernalization response (Sh2) on agronomic traits in the 'Dicktoo'×'Morex' barley mapping population

The objectives of this research were to determine the individual and interaction effects of the Ppd-H1 and Sh2 loci on agronomic traits under short- and long-photoperiod regimes. Nineteen doubled haploid (DH) lines from the ‘Dicktoo’בMorex’ mapping population, which represented the four genotypes at the Ppd-H1 and Sh2 loci, were pheno-typed in controlled environment photoperiods. Both Ppd-H1 and Sh2 had significant effects on several agronomic traits, in addition to their role in determining first node appearance and flowering time. The magnitude of these effects depended on daylight. Under long-day conditions (18 h) Ppd-H1, and under short-day conditions (12 h) Sh2 was a significant determinant of most characters. The interactions between these two loci were significant for several characters, particularly for yield components, under both long- and short-photoperiod regimes. Under the long-day treatment, Ppd-H1 influenced plant height through the determination of node number. There was an epistatic association between the two loci for both 1000-kernel weight and tillering. The combination of photoperiod insensitivity and vernalization requirement caused a significant increase in tillering. This was paralleled by a decrease in 1000-kernel weight. Under the long-day treatment, neither Ppd-H1 nor Sh2 influenced plant yield. Under short-day conditions, the combination of photoperiod insensitivity and vernalization requirement had a pronounced negative effect on plant yield.     

Systemic View on Heading and Overwintering: Are They Always Opposed?

The study investigated the cultivars of non‐obligatorily requiring vernalization plant Festulolium braunii and assessed the influence of non‐hardy reproductive and hardy vegetative structures on overwintering effect. The study was conducted taking into account systemic relations between these types of structures. The results show the cultivars differ according to the percentage of headed and overwintered plants, when the cultivars with the most abundant heading – ‘Felopa’ and ‘Sulino’ – are also better at overwintering. The positive correlation between heading and overwintering characteristics was also observed, what seemed to be a rather new finding. It can be explained by systemic effect: non‐hardy later reproductive structures induce the post‐generative regrowth of vegetative shoots, which during shorter days halt development and become potentially hardy. More detailed interpretation is also provided including discussion of causal mechanisms of the detected phenomenon. The authors suppose that these mechanisms constitute a survival strategy for such perennial plants. The observed late heading which represents reproductive structures could be applied in plant breeding as a marker of winter‐hardiness among perennial grass plants which non‐obligatorily demand vernalization.     

春化处理对银杏枝条开花的影响

对落叶后的银杏枝条进行春化处理，结果表明：不同处理温度和处理时间对枝条的开花期和开花率影响较大。用２，５，８℃经过５ｄ以上处理的银杏枝条扦插后均可开花。广东省和平县及阳山县银杏枝条经２℃处理比５℃和８℃处理开花早，开花率高，且在同一温度处理下，春化时间愈长，枝条的开花期愈早，开花率也较高。顺德市银杏枝条在各种处理条件下的开花率变化不大，但开花日期受处理温度的影响，且温度愈低，开花日期愈早。     

Winter Hardiness, Frost Resistance and Vernalization Requirement of European Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera) Cultivars within the Last 20 Years

Cultivars of European winter oilseed rape cultivated in the second half of the 1970s and in the mid-1990s were screened for their winter hardiness, frost resistance and vernalization requirement. A strong correlation between winter hardiness and frost resistance in both groups of rape has been noticed. Among oilseed rapes cultivated in the late 1970s, low erucic acid and particularly double zero cultivars were less winter hard than high erucic acid cultivars. Double zero cultivars were characterized by lower frost resistance and lower vernalization requirement. A significant correlation between vernalization requirement and both frost resistance and field survival has also been shown. Frost resistance of the 1990s (double zero) cultivars was higher than that of double low cultivars from the late 1970s. Their vernalization requirement was still small and did not correlate with either frost resistance or winter hardiness. It was concluded that reduction in the content of glucosinolates in the 1970s involved decrease in winter hardiness and vernalization requirement of cultivars. During the following 20 years winter hardiness of double low cultivars has been improved, but vernalization requirements have not changed. As a result no correlation between winter hardiness and vernalization requirement in contemporary canola cultivars has been observed.     

Effect of Temperature and Photoperiod on the Development of Lupinus albus L. in a Controlled Environment

An experiment to determine the effect of temperature and photoperiod on Lupinus albus under controlled environmental conditions was carried out, using the three Lupinus albus genotypes 'Tifwhite', 'Esta' and 'Kiev', and three temperature (10/20, 18/28 and 20 °C continuously) and two photoperiod (8 and 16 h daylength) regimes, in all combinations. Half of the seeds were vernalized for 21 days at 4 °C to alleviate the obligate vernalization requirement of Tifwhite. Although Esta and Kiev do not have obligate vernalization requirements, they were influenced by this vernalization period. Observations included the duration of the period from planting to seedling emergence, the duration of the period from planting to the beginning of flowering and the duration of flowering. The vernalization treatment accelerated plant development in all genotypes. The period from planting to emergence was shorter under the higher temperature regime. For all genotypes, the period from planting to flowering was shorter under the longer photoperiod, the same trend as would be expected for long-day plants. Duration of flowering periods were, in contrast to pre-flowering periods, shorter for all genotypes at cooler temperatures. The results of this study confirm that photoperiod does contribute to the growth period from planting to flowering in L. albus and that this species does behave as a long-day plant.     

The effect of VRN1 genes on important agronomic traits in high‐yielding Canadian soft white spring wheat

For reproductive success, flowering time must synchronize with favourable environmental conditions. Vernalization genes play a major role in accelerating or delaying the time to flowering. We studied how different vernalization (VRN1) gene combinations alter days to flowering and maturity and consequently the effect on grain yield and other agronomic traits. The study focussed on the effect of the VRN1 gene series (Vrn‐A1, Vrn‐B1 and Vrn‐D1) and their combinations. The Vrn gene group Vrn‐A1a, Vrn‐B1, vrn‐D1 was the earliest to flower and mature, while Vrn‐A1b, Vrn‐B1, vrn‐D1 was the latest to flower. Spring wheat lines with vrn‐A1, Vrn‐B1, Vrn‐D1 were the highest yielding and matured at a similar time as those having vernalization genes Vrn‐A1a, Vrn‐B1 and Vrn‐D1. The findings of this study suggest that the presence of Vrn‐D1 has a direct or indirect role in producing higher grain yield. We therefore suggest the introduction of Vrn‐D1 allele into higher‐yielding classes within Canadian spring wheat germplasm.     

洋葱春化处理及可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质变化规律的研究

[目的]通过不同时期洋葱叶片中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质变化规律的研究,掌握洋葱在花芽分化和抽薹时期生理生化特性,进行初步的研究探索,为探讨洋葱未熟抽薹与其主要生理生化物质的内在联系做准备.[方法]以新疆主栽品种白雪和金红一号为实验材料,测定其花芽分化时期和抽薹开花过程中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量的变化.[结果]可溶性糖在花芽分化过程中逐渐升高,在花芽分化完成时抽薹期又下降,而在对照组鳞茎形成初期可溶性糖含量一直降低,后期又上升,当鳞茎停止生长时趋于稳定.在花芽分化和抽薹过程中可溶性蛋白质含量变化呈降低—升高—降低—升高的变化趋势,对照组则呈先上升—下降—上升的趋势.[结论]可溶性糖既作为一种供能物质又作为一种信号传导物质,在春化作用中高含量的可溶性糖促进花芽分化,并为花芽分化和开花提供能量,在植物生长发育过程中,蛋白质主要作为催化各种生理活动的酶、细胞结构物质等,较高的蛋白质含量用以行使蛋白质的一些特异功能.     

Determination of the genetic variation in the effect of temperature and daylength on bolting of Brassica campestris L.

Summary Effects of temperature and daylength on the bolting of a number of B. campestris accessions were investigated both in the open and in the IVT phytotron. From the results it was concluded that low temperature and genotype are the predominant factors with respect to bolting. Daylength has rather limited influence. One cultivar bolted more than 12 weeks earlier at 10 and 14°C than at 18°C. On the other hand some cultivars did not require vernalization at all.At 14°C and short daylength, depending on genotype, the period of time between sowing and 50% bolting ranged from 8 to 30 weeks. At this temperature the stimulating effect of long day (24 h), depending again on the genotype, ranged from 0 to 4 weeks. The genotypes most resistant to bolting appeared to be the stubble turnips (B. campestris ssp. rapa).In terms of seed(ling) vernalization at 5°C the cold requirement ranged from 0 to more than 3 weeks, depending on the genotype. The required vernalization periods at 5°C can be used as a criterion in screening for resistance to bolting.     

Simplified culture method of detached ears and its application to vernalization in wheat

Summary The effects of the addition of sulfurous acid into culture solution and of cold treatment of the solution were examined to simplify the culture of detached wheat ears. In the simplified method, detached ears could be cultured at room temperature on the liquid medium containing 100 g/l sucrose and 0.075% sulfurous acid without any sterilization. The immature seeds in detached ears cultured by this method were treated with low temperature or with chemicals known to have vernalizing effect. The chemical treatment did not affect the chilling requirement of immature embryos, although photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness were reduced by kinetin and trypsin. The low temperature treatment drastically affected the chilling requirement, and fully vernalized mature seeds having normal germinability were obtained by treating the detached ears in culture with low temperature from 10 days after anthesis.