有益生防菌包衣处理不同油菜品种种子对菌核病发病率及产量的影响研究

油菜菌核病是油菜上的重要病害之一，在四川局部地区油菜根肿病时有发生，严重威胁到油菜安全生产。以油菜菌核病和根肿病为防治对象，与华中农业大学合作，利用其筛选的有益生防菌，选择双低和高芥酸油菜品种国豪油8号和绵油309，对其种子进行包衣处理，分别在无和有根肿病史的水旱轮作地，开展田间试验。试验结果表明：有益生防菌包衣处理的菌核病发病率均低于没有包衣处理；包衣处理的不同品种产量均高于没有包衣处理，但品种间有差异；包衣处理过的高芥酸油菜品种绵油309的产量高于包衣处理过的双低油菜品种国豪油8号；在有根肿病史试验田种植的菌核病发病率低于无根肿病史试验田，产量高于无根肿病史试验田。包衣处理对油菜根肿病的防治效果不显著。     

Characterization of the perylenequinone pigments in Japanese Andosols and Cambisol

The green fraction of humic acid (Pg) and the chloroform-extractable green fraction (CEGF) are characteristic soil organic matter (SOM) components. These alkaline solutions are green-colored due to the presence of 4,9-dihydroxyperylene-3,10-quinone (DHPQ) chromophore. While both of which are potential indicators for the effect of land use and paleoclimatic environment in the fields of soil science as well as geochemistry, CEGF as well as its relationship with Pg in soils are not yet fully documented. In this study, we firstly investigated the chemical properties of soil CEGF fractions by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) and infrared (IR) method. Two CEGF components were separated by sequential liquid-liquid extraction using aqueous ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) followed by aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Results showed that the UV–Vis spectral shape of NH₄OH-extractable component is very similar to that of DHPQ, except that it is red-shifted. The solubility and UV–Vis spectrum of the NaOH-extractable fraction were completely identical with those of synthesized DHPQ. Their IR spectral shapes were also almost the same. Subsequently, the distribution of CEGF in humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA) and humin (HN) from Japanese Andosols and Cambisol was quantitatively evaluated by sequential extraction. Most of CEGF was detected in the HA (60–78%) and HN (22–40%), but not in the FA. While the UV–Vis spectral shape of CEGF extracted from Andosols HAs showed a relatively higher proportion of DHPQ than its derivative, the opposite was observed in Cambisol HA, whose CEGF is similar to that of sclerotium grain (one of the possible origin of CEGF). These results suggest the diversity of CEGF-producing soil fungi. Quantitative data also indicated that 35–49% of Pg consisted of a chloroform-soluble fraction (i.e., CEGF) and the remaining 51–65% of Pg was chloroform-insoluble. Based on these results, we propose that CEGF is composed of DHPQ and DHPQ-derivatives and that CEGF is one of the major fractions of Pg.     

免耕稻田纹枯病越冬菌核量调查方法比较

根据免耕稻田纹枯病菌核在田间的分布特点,对纹枯病菌核量田间调查方法进行了改进。试验分别对15块免耕稻田采用传统的土壤淘洗法和直接观测法进行纹枯病越冬菌核量调查,结果表明,直接观察法测得的菌核数量远多于土壤淘洗法测得的数量,并且在省时、省力的同时也使调查结果更加真实可靠。因此,直接观察法更加适用于免耕稻田纹枯病越冬菌核数量的调查。     

大通县甘蓝型油菜菌核病重发原因及防治对策

从气候条件、种植方式和田间管理等方面分析了大通县油菜菌核病重发的原因,提出了防治对策。     

稻曲病菌菌核降解微生物的筛选与作用机制分析

菌核是稻曲病菌天然的越冬菌源和来年病害发生的重要初侵染源,控制田间菌核越冬数量能够从源头上遏制和减轻稻曲病的发生。为此,本研究对来自稻田土壤、菌核表面、以及青海高原的能够降解菌核的真菌进行了筛选,得到了6个有较好降解作用的生防菌株。在实验室条件下它们能够在30~70 d内彻底降解稻曲病菌菌核。真菌形态特征和rDNA-ITS序列分析表明,这些菌株分别为淡色生赤壳菌Bionectria ochroleuca、粘鞭霉Gliomastix polychroma、烟曲霉Aspergillus fumigatus、草酸青霉Penicillium oxalicum、粉红粘帚霉Gliocladium spp.和疣孢漆斑菌Myrothecium verrucaria。进一步超微结构观察发现,不同生防菌对菌核的降解机制可分为以重寄生作用和直接降解为主2种基本模式。春季田间撒施试验表明,其中2种生防菌的防治效果可达33.9%和46.8%。     

平贝母菌核病的防治研究

对平贝母菌核病的病原菌进行了分离、鉴定，摸清了发病规律；在防治方面筛选出了两种效果较好的药剂，并结合平贝母栽培技术提出了配套的综合治理技术措施。     

Aluminum oxyhydroxide polymorphs and some micromorphological characteristics in sclerotium grains

The presence of aluminum oxyhydroxide and its micromorphological characteristics in sclerotium grains were examined by SEM, TEM, and EDX analyses. A spherical fraction with a diameter of 100 nm, which contained C and Al as the predominant elements, was recognized as the unit particle of the matrix of sclerotium grains. The Al polymorphs and the Si spherical structures found in the ignited grains were assumed to correspond to boehmite and opaline silica particles, respectively. SEMI analysis revealed the presence of a needle ball structure inside the hollow part of sclerotium grains. The relationship between the inner structure of sclerotium and biochemical processes of the host fungi was discussed.     

猪苓与蜜环菌共生体系的研究进展

猪苓(Polyporus umbellatus)和蜜环菌(Armillaria mellea)的共生关系一直是猪苓人工栽培和育种领域的研究热点。综合近来的研究,主要综述了猪苓的人工栽培应用以及猪苓与蜜环菌共生关系的研究进展。     

油菜菌核病菌的生物学特性研究

在不同温度、不同ｐＨ值的ＰＤＡ平板上培养油菜菌核病菌核和菌丝块,观察菌核萌发的最适温度和菌丝生长的最适温度、最适ｐＨ值,结果表明菌核萌发的最适温度为２４～２８℃,菌丝生长的最适温度为２０～２８℃,３５℃为菌丝的致死温度,菌丝生长的最适ｐＨ值为４.７～８.５。     

9种除草剂对花生白绢病菌的影响

在实验室条件下测定了氟乐灵、乙草胺、异丙甲草胺、异恶草酮、乳氟禾草灵、乙氧氟草醚、三氟羧草醚、恶草酮、二甲戊乐灵等9种除草剂对花生白绢病菌Sclerotium rolfsi Sacc.的影响.结果表明:9种除草剂对花生白绢病病菌的毒力有较大差异,三氟羧草醚和乙氧氟草醚的毒力较高,IC50分别为7.88mg·L-1和18.91mg·L-1;9种除草剂对菌丝干重均有抑制作用,且随剂量的升高而升高,乙氧氟草醚和三氟羧草醚抑制作用最明显,在100mg·L-1和50mg·L-1时抑制率均达90%以上;除乙草胺和异丙甲草胺部分剂量外,其他除草剂对菌核数量均有不同程度的抑制作用,三氟羧草醚作用最为明显,在供试剂量下抑制率均达96%以上;除乙草胺、氟乐灵在供试剂量下对菌核单重有抑制作用外,其他除草剂在多数剂量下对菌核单重均有刺激作用,三氟羧草醚在50mg·L-1时,是对照菌核单重的8.34倍;而各种除草剂在供试剂量下,对菌核萌发均没有影响.