旅游活动对生态环境及牧草资源的影响

随着国家经济快速增长,居民生活水平得到巨大提升,假期出行旅游已成为国民重要的精神文明需求,但当前我国草原旅游业发展不够成熟,旅游活动增加对草原生态环境及牧草资源造成了一定影响,这其中既有积极的影响也包含消极影响,本文通过以当前我国草原生态系统环境承载能力为切入点,以草原生态系统一级牧草资源生长所需条件为前提,深入挖掘旅游活动对草原生态环境的影响及可能面临的破坏风险,从而找出草原生态环境及牧草资源的可持续发展路径与建议,为草原生态系统及牧草资源的发展提供一定的理论保障。     

Responses of subshrub sagebrush rangeland in North-Western China to changes in livestock numbers and rainfall over 10 years (2004–2013)

Seriphidium transiliense, or subshrub sagebrush, is one of the most important forage resources for livestock in many arid lands, but such resources have been threatened by overgrazing for a long time. A 2013 vegetation survey of an original sagebrush rangeland (2400?ha) in the Tianshan Mountains revealed that nearly half of the area once under sagebrush has been replaced by annual species. This is due to the continual and rapid increase in livestock numbers over the past 30?years. Three smaller sites with different grazing scenarios: no grazing (Site N), a decline (Site 1), and an increase (Site 2) in livestock numbers, were selected to monitor recent changes (from 2004 to 2013) in vegetation biomass and the degree of dominance by sagebrush. Supplanting happened at Site 2 but little occurred at Site 1. There were significant differences between Site 2 and Site 1 in standing biomass in Spring and Summer, but no significant differences in Summer between Site 1 and Site N. The supplanting of sagebrush marks the completion of a dynamic process – in which rainfall plays a crucial role – of damage to sagebrush from heavy grazing in drought years and its rehabilitation by light grazing in some good years. Plant biomass loss was greatest when the land was first subjected to heavy grazing. Sagebrush tends to exist as a sole-dominant species rather than a companion species in sagebrush communities. This suggests that sagebrush continued to survive in pockets where grazing pressure had declined.     

种植方式对青海湖流域人工草地植被和土壤养分特征的影响

为探究多年生人工草地在青海湖流域的适应性和稳定性,本研究以青海草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis. Qinghai)和青海中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis. Qinghai)单播及混播人工草地为研究对象,分析不同种植方式下人工草地植被和土壤养分特征的变化。结果表明：青海草地早熟禾+青海中华羊茅混播草地和青海草地早熟禾单播草地的生物量和盖度高于青海中华羊茅单播草地,且在生长旺期(8月),青海草地早熟禾+青海中华羊茅混播草地生物量最高,为586.2 g·m^-2;青海草地早熟禾单播、青海中华羊茅单播和青海草地早熟禾+青海中华羊茅混播草地间土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、硝态氮、铵态氮和土壤含水量在相同土壤深度下差异不显著,但土壤氮、磷及有机质间存在显著的相关性。综上所述,在青海湖流域建植青海草地早熟禾+青海中华羊茅混播型人工草地可以获得较高的产量,但需在种植和管理过程中协调好土壤氮、磷间的关系。     

我国规模化牧场奶牛酮病防治状况调查分析

[目的]为了解2021年我国规模化牧场奶牛酮病发病情况和防控状况。[方法]本文选择105 个规模化牧场进行调查,包括酮病发病率、诊断和监测方法、治疗方法、治愈率、防控方法和治疗成本等。[结果]牧场奶牛平均单产为9.7 t,酮病平均发病率为17.9%,高国外控制目标。大多数牧场奶牛酮病诊断和监测,主要采用检测血液中β-羟丁酸浓度的方法,奶牛酮病治愈率无论单一或综合措施都达90%以上,奶牛酮病综合防控效果明显好于单一措施。[结论]目前我国规模化牧场奶牛酮病发病率控制目标、诊断和监测、治疗和防控仍需更多研究,完善和制定相应的技术规范,为规模化牧场奶牛酮病的高效防控提供技术支撑。     

青藏铁路植被恢复和“黑土型”退化草地治理的实践与启示

由于高、寒和旱的独特特点,青藏高原生态系统具有特殊的环境敏感性和脆弱性。近年来,工程扰动、放牧等人类活动的加剧对青藏高原生态系统稳定性的影响日渐凸显,集中表现为植被退化、土壤贫瘠化和水土流失加剧等。目前,为了尽可能避免人类活动对生态系统造成的负面影响,遏制生态环境的进一步恶化,已采用了多种方式和手段进行环境保护和植被恢复。本研究以青藏铁路工程植被恢复和"黑土型"退化草地治理两个典型案例为例,总结了青藏高原进行植被恢复的经验,提出了青藏高原植被恢复的基本原则和注意事项,对今后青藏高原工程扰动和草地退化后进行植被恢复具有指导意义。     

不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤理化性状

本研究分析了半干旱区不同种植年限苜蓿(Medicago sativa)地土壤理化性状。结果表明,随着苜蓿种植年限的增加,0-100 cm土层土壤容重出现不规律的波动,苜蓿地土壤容重值整体偏大;土壤有机质随种植年限的增加而增大,随土层深度增加而显著减小(P0.01),并且在种植5年的苜蓿地中提高最明显,在种植8年的苜蓿地中最低。各年限苜蓿地均表现出土壤有机质的"表聚性"。在一定的种植年限范围内,种植苜蓿对土壤有机质具有累积作用;土壤全氮含量随苜蓿种植年限的增长表现为先增大后减小的趋势,随土层深度的加深而逐渐减小,种植苜蓿4年时土壤全氮含量最大,8年时苜蓿地土壤全氮含量最低,并且土壤全氮含量主要集中于0-40 cm土层,全氮显著累积作用于表层土壤;土壤硝态氮随着苜蓿种植年限的增加而先增加后减小,随着土层的加深而逐渐降低,表层土壤对土壤硝态氮有累积作用,并且与苜蓿种植时间长短有显著相关性(P0.05)。而铵态氮含量在剖面上变化不大,与苜蓿生长年限没有显著相关性(P0.05)。今后需从栽培苜蓿草地的管理措施上深入探讨栽培苜蓿地的最佳种植和利用年限。     

滇西北高寒地区牧草混播组合的筛选

为提高香格里拉高寒地区饲草生产能力,在小中甸镇开展了牧草混播组合试验.试验设5个混播组合(A1、A2、A3、A4、A5),随机区组设计,连续两年对牧草产量和组分进行测定,第2年取混合样对营养含量进行分析.结果表明,A1和A5组合牧草产量显著高于A2、A3和A4 (P＜0.05);A3、A1、A5年度间群落组分变化不大,稳定性较强;A2、A4、A5的粗蛋白含量较高,均超过24％.3项指标综合考虑,A1[安巴鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata cv.Anmba)+草地休衣白三叶(Trifolium repens cv.Grasslands huia)+红三叶(T.pratense)]和A5[安巴鸭茅+雅晴多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne cv.Yatsyn)+海法白三叶(T.repens cv.Haifa)+普纳菊苣(Cichorium intybus cv.Puna)]适宜在香格里拉高寒地区种植应用.     

Study on the Nutritional-ecologic Environment of Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn and Se in Yili Summer Pasture of Xinjiang (Ⅰ)

This experiment objective was to study the Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Se five kinds of trace element contents, distribution characteristics and mutual relations in the soil-grass-water (stream) in Yili pastoral area of Xinjiang, to evaluate the trace elements nutritional-ecologic environment of Yili summer pasture in Xinjiang.At the altitudinal belt of 1400 to 2999 m of the summer pasture of the Karajon grassland (South slope) and Tangbula grassland (North slope) of Yili, Xinjiang, the samples of soil (n=75), herbage (n=75), stream water (n=75) were collected according to the altitude, to determine their contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se for evaluating the nutritional-ecologic environment of trace elements of Yili summer pasture.The results showed that the contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn in the soil of summer pasture on average were 15 418.4, 32.6, 474.5 and 115.8 mg/kg, respectively;And 446.0, 7.8, 85.7 and 41.9 mg/kg, respectively in forage;The correlation (R²) of the contents of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn between soil and forage were 0.43, 0.82, 0.47 and 0.72, respectively;The changes of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn contents in the soil and forage were not significantly related with the altitude.There were no the 4 elements mentioned above in river streams, there was no Se in the soil and forage, and there was infinitesimal of Se in the river streams.It was concluded that in Yili summer pasture there were excessive Fe, suitable Zn and Mn, insufficient Cu, and more insufficient Se.     

祁连山区草地土壤氮空间分布格局

就祁连山草原生态系统土壤氮在不同时期、不同放牧强度条件及不同土层深度条件下空间分布进行了试验研究,运用回归分析及方差显著性检验对土壤全氮含量进行了分析,结果发现3种不同放牧条件下,祁连山草地土壤氮的变化量差异显著;同时发现不同土层深度和土壤容积质量与土壤全氮量之间存在很好的线性相关关系,从而指出合理放牧会全面提高土壤质量。