偏高岭土对高强机制砂混凝土性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、压汞法(MIP)、快速氯离子迁移系数法(RCM)等手段,研究了偏高岭土(MK)掺量对高强机制砂混凝土抗压强度以及抗氯离子渗透性能的影响.研究发现: 掺入MK能够有效改善高强机制砂混凝土的力学性能和抗氯离子渗透性能:随MK掺量增加,抗压强度与抗氯离子渗透性能均呈先增大后减小的趋势,最佳MK掺量为8%,此时28 d抗压强度为98.5 MPa,较基准组增加13%,氯离子迁移系数为1.89×10^-12 m²/s,较基准组减小60%.微观结构试验表明适宜的偏高岭土掺量能够有效促进水泥水化;偏高岭土颗粒的晶核效应和微集料填充效应协同作用,使得机制砂混凝土的微观结构更加均匀密实,机制砂混凝土的多害孔、有害孔减少,少害孔增加,从而提高了机制砂混凝土抗压强度和抗氯离子渗透性能.     

滴灌下生物质改良材料对盐渍土水盐氮运移的调控效应

为探究生物质改良材料对滴灌盐渍土水、盐、肥运移过程的调控效应，采用土箱模拟试验，研究了水肥一体化滴灌条件下，生物炭和腐殖酸两种改良材料对盐渍土水、盐、氮运移和再分布过程及其时空分布特征的影响规律。结果表明：在滴灌条件下，盐渍土壤水盐的时空动态变化表现出明显的水分入渗驱动的盐分运移过程和蒸发扩散驱动的水盐再分布过程；铵态氮含量在时间上表现出先增大、后减小的变化趋势，在空间上的运移再分布特征较弱；硝态氮含量初始时空分布表现出与水盐相似的运移特征，受铵态氮硝化作用的多重影响，后期空间分布与铵态氮空间分布相似；生物炭通过提高土壤饱和导水率，增大了入渗阶段土壤水、盐、氮的运移速率和分布范围；腐殖酸通过提高土壤田间持水率增大了再分布过程土壤水、盐、氮的分布范围和强度，同时其对尿素的水解和硝化过程表现出更强的抑制效果。应用生物质改良材料在改变土壤物理性状进而调控滴灌土壤水盐运移的同时，还影响土壤氮素转化运移过程及其分布，这为水肥一体化滴灌盐渍农田的节水、控盐、减肥治理提供了理论基础。     

1985—2015年中国县域芝麻生产的时空演变

为阐明我国芝麻生产的时空变化特征，基于1985—2015年的我国县域芝麻生产统计数据，采用集中度、重心迁移、产量贡献率、优势度等指标，对我国芝麻种植面积、产量和单产的时空动态变化进行分析。结果表明:1)1985—2015年，我国芝麻产量和面积的分布基本一致，主要集中在大别山山脉一带和辽宁省西北部；全国芝麻单产水平不断提升，种植面积自2000年起小幅缩减，而产量变化处于明显的波动状态。2)30年间，全国芝麻产量集中度和面积集中度变化波动较小，集中地区分布发生了一定的变化；我国芝麻产量、面积重心同步向南偏西方向迁移，迁移距离分别为252和344 km。3)我国芝麻生产的主导因素一直为面积，占比为40.0%—49.9%；我国芝麻的生产优势区主要在河南、安徽、湖北、江西四省。近30年来，我国芝麻种植变化受其自身特性、病虫害、湿害以及政策等影响，芝麻生产受到一定的限制。因此，优化和调整我国芝麻生产的政策倾向、种植结构、良种研发以及栽培管理等方面尤显关键。     

Macroalgal meadow habitats support fish and fisheries in diverse tropical seascapes

Canopy‐forming macroalgae can construct extensive meadow habitats in tropical seascapes occupied by fishes that span a diversity of taxa, life‐history stages and ecological roles. Our synthesis assessed whether these tropical macroalgal habitats have unique fish assemblages, provide fish nurseries and support local fisheries. We also applied a meta‐analysis of independent surveys across 23 tropical reef locations in 11 countries to examine how macroalgal canopy condition is related to the abundance of macroalgal‐associated fishes. Over 627 fish species were documented in tropical macroalgal meadows, with 218 of these taxa exhibiting higher local abundance within this habitat (cf. nearby coral reef) during at least one life‐history stage. Major overlap (40%–43%) in local fish species richness among macroalgal and seagrass or coral reef habitats suggest macroalgal meadows may provide an important habitat refuge. Moreover, the prominence of juvenile fishes suggests macroalgal meadows facilitate the triphasic life cycle of many fishes occupying diverse tropical seascapes. Correlations between macroalgal canopy structure and juvenile abundance suggests macroalgal habitat condition can influence levels of replenishment in tropical fish populations, including the majority of macroalgal‐associated fishes that are targeted by commercial, subsistence or recreational fisheries. While many macroalgal‐associated fishery species are of minor commercial value, their local importance for food and livelihood security can be substantial (e.g. up to 60% of landings in Kenyan reef fisheries). Given that macroalgal canopy condition can vary substantially with sea temperature, there is a high likelihood that climate change will impact macroalgal‐associated fish and fisheries.     

岩石-土壤-四川牡丹元素迁移体系中的微生物效应

[目的]研究四川牡丹岩土环境背景以及微生物在元素迁移过程中的作用,为了解营养元素的表生地球化学行为规律及微生物在元素迁移体系中的作用提供理论依据。[方法]利用ICP-OES测定四川牡丹生境母岩、土壤以及种子的大量(P,S,K,Ca,Na,Mg,Al)、微量(Fe,Mn,Cu)营养元素含量,同时利用Illumina高通量测序技术测定根际土壤中细菌、真菌的组成和结构。[结果](1)四川牡丹生长土壤以弱碱富钙为主要特征,元素组成基本保留了母岩特征;(2)元素从母岩到土壤中的迁移富集系数排序为:CaNaSPMgKAlFeMnCu,植物吸收系数排序为:PSKCuMgCaNaMnFeAl;(3)碱土金属淋溶率和铝铁率对土壤细菌的多样性(Alpha)影响显著,但对真菌的影响不显著;(4)P,Mn的迁移主要受母岩控制,而Ca,Mg,Fe,S等元素的迁移富集受到了微生物的影响。[结论]细菌和真菌在元素迁移体系中的作用相似,主要参与Fe,S,Mg,Ca的相关反应过程。     

磷硫配施对冬小麦硒吸收及转运的影响

为了探讨磷硫配施对冬小麦产量、硒的吸收及转运的影响，为生产富硒小麦或合理调控小麦硒含量提供理论依据，采用盆栽试验，设置不同磷、硫水平，在小麦成熟期测定产量及植株各部位硒含量。结果表明：硫磷的配合施用能显著提高冬小麦产量，S0.1P0.4处理下冬小麦产量最高。除颖壳外，冬小麦各部位硒含量最高值都出现在S0P0处理。不论施硫与否，施磷均能显著降低冬小麦各部位硒含量，提高小麦植株硒累积量，促进冬小麦茎叶向颖壳的硒迁移，降低根向茎叶、颖壳向籽粒的硒迁移系数，还会减小籽粒的硒分配。单独施硫会降低植株的硒累积量，促进冬小麦根向茎叶、茎叶向颖壳的硒迁移，降低颖壳向籽粒的硒迁移系数，低硫处理能增加小麦籽粒的硒分配，高硫处理则降低了籽粒的硒分配。S0P0.2处理能显著提高籽粒硒累积量，而高浓度的磷硫配施会降低籽粒硒累积量；S0.1P0和S0.1P0.2处理籽粒硒分配较大,分别是45.3%和44.8%。因此，硫磷的合理配施能显著提高小麦产量，低硫（S0.1）高磷（P0.4）处理增产最显著。低硫（S0.1）低磷（P0.2）处理能更有效地增加植株硒累积量，增强硒在籽粒中的累积。     

First evidence of spawning migration by goldfish (Carassius auratus); implications for control of a globally invasive species

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) was one of the first fishes to be domesticated and has been widely introduced across the globe, but is now considered one of the world's worst invasive aquatic species. Surprisingly, there is a dearth of information on its spatial and temporal movement patterns, which hampers the development of effective control programmes. We examined the movement patterns of an introduced population of C. auratus in a south‐western Australian river using passive acoustic telemetry. The study population had a high residency index within the array (i.e. proportion of all days at liberty that, on average, each fish was detected by a receiver) with fish being detected on 64% of days. The individuals were also reasonably mobile, travelling a mean of 0.30 km (linear river kilometres).day^‐1 within the array, and one fish moved 231.3 km over the 365‐day study period (including 5.4 km in a 24 hr period). Importantly, C. auratus displayed significant seasonal movement patterns including a clear shift in habitats during its breeding period with most mature individuals being detected in an off‐channel wetland during that time. The results of this study strongly suggest that C. auratus undertook a spawning migration into a lentic habitat. These results have important implications for developing control programmes for the species, such as targeting connections to off‐channel lentic systems during its breeding period.     

Influence of climate and abundance on migration timing of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) among rivers in Newfoundland and Labrador

Evidence mounts for the influence of climate variability on temporal trends in the phenology of many organisms including various species of fish. Accordingly, we examined variation in adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar run timing in thirteen Newfoundland and Labrador rivers where returns were monitored at fishways or fish‐counting fences. Run timing varied significantly among rivers with the median date of return differing by up to 5 weeks. Duration of runs was generally short with most adults returning over a period of three to 5 weeks. A mixed model analysis incorporating a first‐order autoregressive error structure was used to generalise changes in run timing among all monitored rivers. Results indicated that the median date of return has advanced by almost 12 days over a 35‐year interval from 1978 to 2012, while several individual rivers have advanced by almost 21 days. The influence of climate on median timing was evident when the simultaneous effects of both climate and salmon abundance were controlled. We found earlier runs associated with overall warmer climate conditions on the Newfoundland and Labrador Shelf. Results contrast with those from the north‐east Atlantic where Atlantic salmon are returning later in some rivers coincident with warming climate conditions.     

Turbid water induces refuge behaviour of a commercially important ayu: A field experiment for interstream movement using multiple artificial streams

Riverine systems are inherently dendritic in nature, and turbid water may not necessarily flow equally throughout an entire catchment. Tributaries have the potential to serve as refugia from temporarily turbid water in the main stem. As ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) are one of the important species for the inland fisheries industry and recreational fishing, their behaviour in a branched river network is a primary concern. We released ayu with radio‐transmitting tags into two experimental streams that joined at a downstream pool. Turbid water was released into one of the streams, and we identified whether avoidance movement of ayu between the two experimental streams was triggered by flowing turbid water. The suspended solid concentration elevated rapidly after adding the turbid water and was maintained at more than 400 mg/L for 3 hr. Avoidance movement of ayu was triggered when the suspended solid concentration exceeded approximately 200 mg/L. Then, most ayu moved from the turbid stream to the nonturbid one, leading to a difference in ayu density between the two streams. Therefore, we demonstrated that turbid water induced interstream movement of a commercially important ayu as refuge behaviour, suggesting that river connectivity is important for the persistence of the ayu.     

High fluid shear strain causes injury in silver shark: Preliminary implications for Mekong hydropower turbine design

The Lower Mekong Basin is facing unprecedented threats to fish diversity from hydropower development. There is increasing pressure on developers and construction authorities to design solutions to improve fish survival through turbines, thus protecting the resources in regions being developed for hydropower. A hydraulic characteristic of hydropower turbines with known fisheries impacts is fluid shear stress. Elevated shear stress occurs where rapidly flowing water passes near spillways, screens and within turbine draft tubes. Shear stress can have adverse impacts on fish, but no work has assessed whether this holds true for Mekong River species. A flume was used to determine critical tolerances of silver shark, Balantiocheilos melanopterus (Bleeker), to shear stress rates at a high‐velocity jet which simulated a hydropower turbine. Fish were assessed for injury or mortality following exposure. Results were compared against a no‐shear control. Injury and mortality were greater at higher shear stress exposures. Injuries occurred at all shear exposure levels with mortality at shear levels higher than 600/s. This approach should help design future hydropower turbines if data on other species demonstrate similar results. If the likelihood of adverse impact is high, then shear stress will need to be considered in the design of future hydropower facilities.