米槠人工林土壤微生物群落组成对凋落物输入的响应

全球气候变化显著影响森林凋落物数量,进而会对土壤微生物群落造成影响。本研究以亚热带米槠人工林为研究对象,探究不同凋落物量输入处理(凋落物去除、凋落物加倍、对照)下,森林土壤微生物群落组成的变化。结果表明:与去除凋落物相比,凋落物加倍后0~10 cm土壤铵态氮(NH4^+-N)、硝态氮(NO3^--N)、全氮(TN)、有效磷(AP)含量分别显著增加了30.30%、49.66%、12.77%和13.90%。与对照相比,凋落物加倍与去除处理土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)含量分别显著增加和下降(P<0.05),但凋落物加倍与去除处理间无显著差异。凋落物加倍处理下土壤丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)、革兰氏阳性菌[G(+)]、革兰氏阴性菌[G(-)]、放线菌(ACT)、真菌(F)丰度和总磷脂脂肪酸(TPLFA)含量分别比去除凋落物处理的土壤高68.35%、63.35%、82.65%、69.02%、40.56%和65.85%,而土壤革兰氏阳性菌与阴性菌比值、真菌与细菌比值则分别降低11.64%和26.67%。冗余度分析表明,铵态氮是影响该人工林土壤微生物群落组成的最主要环境因子。可见凋落物输入量变化改变了土壤养分有效性,进而显著影响了土壤微生物群落组成,这对进一步深入探究全球气候变化对亚热带森林土壤养分循环的影响具有重要意义。     

Carbon return and dynamics of litterfall in natural forest and monoculture plantation of Castanopsis kawakamii in subtropical China

The amount of carbon returned through litterfall and its seasonal pattern were studied in a natural forest of Castanopsis kawakamii (NF) and adjacent monoculture plantations of C. kawakamii (CK) and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) (CF) in Sanming, Fujian Province, China. Mean annual carbon return through total litterfall over 3 years (from 1999 to 2001) was 5.097 t·hm⁻² in the NF, 4.337 t·hm⁻² in the CK and 2.502 t·hm⁻² in the CF respectively. Of the total carbon return in the three forests, leaf contribution accounted for 58.96%, 68.53% and 56.12% and twig 24.41%, 22.34% and 26.18%, respectively. The seasonal patterns of carbon return from total litterfall and leaf-litter were quite similar among the three forests. A peak of carbon input from litterfall in the NF and the CK occurred in spring except for the highest annual C return through branch litter of the NF in summer, while the CF showed the maximum C return in summer. The results of this study demonstrate that the natural forest has a greater C return through litterfall than monoculture plantations, which is beneficial to the increase of soil organic matter storage and the maintenance of soil fertility. [Supported by the Teaching and Research Award Program of MOE P.R.C. (TRAPOYT) and the Key Basic Research Project of Fujian Province (2000F004)]     

Carbon, water and nutrient flux in Maya homegardens in the Yucatán peninsula of México

The Yucatán Peninsula of México has shallow soils and receives low amounts of precipitation, and has therefore low agricultural potential. Lacking large-scale irrigation from rivers and adequate rainfall, the indigenous Maya groups maintain agricultural productivity by adapting a variety of practices. Multistrata homegardens, one of their agricultural systems, have provided goods for trade, sale and personal consumption for many centuries. Nevertheless, an understanding of the controlling biological factors and interactions within these systems can lead to yield improvements. Photosynthetic rates, water use and litter production for a variety of species have been studied in these gardens to determine how Maya management impacts resource flow, productivity and diversity. When irrigated, diurnal photosynthetic rates nearly doubled for Manilkara zapota and water use increased two fold for M. zapota and Cordia dodecandra. Total litter production in traditional homegardens varied from 1,000 to 4,000 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and ten arboreal species were found to contribute more than 33% of total litterfall biomass. Nutrient concentrations in the leaves of the predominant species were analyzed; Meliococcusbijugatus and Spondias purpurea were found to contribute the largest quantities of N, P and C. Our research indicates that species and structural diversity are critical to sustainability of homegardens, allowing efficient use and transfer of carbon, nutrients and water. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

百山祖常绿阔叶林凋落物凋落节律及组成

以百山祖常绿阔叶林为研究对象,用种子雨收集器收集森林凋落物,对收集到的凋落物进行分类、鉴定、称量,研究百山祖常绿阔叶林的凋落量及其组成和叶凋落物的季节动态.结果表明:1)百山祖常绿阔叶林2009年的凋落量为4 247.47 kg?hm-2?a-1,其中叶凋落量最多,占71.54%(常绿树叶51.34%,落叶树叶20.20%),树皮和枝条占3.17%,繁殖器官占19.29%,杂物占6.00%;2)9个优势种均具有明显的叶凋落节律,根据其特征可分为3类:仅在秋冬出现凋落高峰的落叶树;仅在夏季出现高峰的常绿树;在夏季和秋冬均出现高峰的常绿树;3)与同纬度的常绿阔叶林样地相比,百山祖常绿阔叶林的凋落量较少,这是对一定地带性环境的综合反映;4)叶凋落高峰受花期、果期的影响,同时也受台风天气的影响.     

南亚热带7种林分凋落叶养分含量的年动态变化

2006-05-2007-04对广西凭祥市7种主要林分凋落叶的N,P,K,Ca及Mg含量进行分析.结果表明:林分凋落叶的N,P,K,ca及Mg含量全年月份动态变化趋势较为一致;在林木生长旺盛的高温雨季4-9月,林分凋落叶的N及P养分含量较高,而K的含量较低;在林木生长缓慢或休眠的干旱低温季10月至翌年3月,凋落叶N及P养分的含量较低,而K的含量较高,说明林分凋落叶的N与P含量与林木生长量成正相关,而K与生长量成负相关;Ca随月份的变化较小,但不同林分之间的差异较大;Mg随月份的变化较大;西南桦凋落叶N含量最高(14.44 g·kg-1),火力楠最低(5.11 g·kg-1);次生林凋落叶P含量最高(1.20 g·kg-1),马尾松最低(仅0.53 g·kg-1);K也以次生林最高(5.16 g·kg-1),马尾松最低(1.71 g·kg-1);Ca以杉木最高(达11.10 g·kg-1),马尾松最低(仅3.76g·kg-1);Mg以次生林最高(3.03 g·kg-1),马尾松最低(1.18 g·kg-1);7种林分凋落叶的N,P,K,Ca与Mg的最高与最低含量比值都超过2.     

Two-decadal trends in aboveground litterfall and net primary production in self-thinning Pinus banksiana stands in Wood Buffalo National Park,NWT, Canada

We estimated the aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in five self-thinning jack pine (Pinus banksiana) stands in Wood Buffalo National Park, NWT, Canada. The stands (11 to ca.175 years old) were selected to examine the relationship between stand density and tree size and its effect on carbon dynamics. Aboveground litterfall was collected from each stand from 1997 to 2012. Stand biomass was estimated by measuring tree size every 5 years and estimating the individual mass using allometric relationships. ANPP was then estimated by summing the litterfall mass, dead stem mass increment and stand biomass increment. We determined the proportional contribution of each organ to the total litter and the seasonal pattern of needle litterfall. There was a lower turnover rate of aboveground biomass in older stands than younger stands. The ANPP increased in the youngest stand (<30 years old) showed a decreasing trend in stands >50 years old. The maximum ANPP was estimated to be ca. 500?g m^?2 year^?1 in dry matter, which was found in 30–50 year-old stands.     

杉木枯落物燃烧释放污染物特征及PM2.5成分分析

【目的】探究杉木人工林枯落物在不同燃烧状态时的气态及颗粒态污染物排放特征,并提取、测定细颗粒物(PM 2.5 )污染物的化学成分,揭示林火及林地清理等对杉木枯落物分解、养分循环和大气环境的影响。【方法】分别以杉木人工林枯落物中的叶、枝、皮、干4种主要组分为研究对象,运用自主设计的生物质模拟燃烧系统,采用室内模拟燃烧试验,分析阴燃和明燃2种不同燃烧状态不同枯落物组分释放的气态污染物和PM 2.5 特征及差异。采用德国Elementar元素分析仪,测定PM 2.5 中的碳质成分;采用超声提取-离子色谱和ICP/MS技术,测定PM 2.5 中的水溶性离子和水溶性无机元素。【结果】基于杉木枯落物燃烧时的实时测定,CO 2、CO、NO x 、C x H y 、PM 2.5 的排放因子(EF,单位质量燃料在燃烧后产生的污染物质量)变化范围在阴燃条件下分别是1 001.4~1 364.5、202.3~358.8、0.53~3.09、23.17~53.07、5.11~38.37 g ·kg -1 ,而明燃时分别为1 092.4~1 520.7、115.1~242.6、0.16~1.96、1.21~41.50、2.58~21.07 g ·kg -1 。此外,提取测定PM 2.5 成分的结果表明,颗粒物主要由碳质组分、水溶性离子及少量水溶性无机元素等组成。其中碳质组分含量最大,占50%以上,有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)平均质量分数分别为43.29%和12.91%;PM 2.5 中测定出6种阳离子(Li +、Na +、NH + 4、K +、Mg 2+、Ca 2+)和5种阴离子(F -、Cl -、NO 2 -、SO 4 2-、NO - 3),总水溶性离子占10%~33%,阴燃以Cl -、K +、Ca 2+、SO 4 2-为主要组分,明燃以K +、Cl -、SO 4 2-、Na +为主;PM 2.5 中提取测定出16种无机元素,分别为K、Ca、Na、Mg、P、Zn、Al、Cu、As、Ba、Cr、Fe、Mn、Cd、Li、Pb,含量极少,仅占PM 2.5 的0.04%~0.58%,其中K、Ca、Na、Mg、P、Zn为主要元素成分,占总无机元素的96.8%~98.8%。【结论】在不同燃烧状态下,杉木枯落物释放各污染物的排放因子存在显著差异,除CO 2外的其他污染物排放因子在阴燃时显著高于明燃;在同一燃烧状态时,杉木枯落物不同组分的CO、CO 2、NO x 、C x H y 和PM 2.5 等污染物的排放因子也存在显著差异。杉木枯落物燃烧排放的PM 2.5 主要由碳质组分、水溶性离子及少量无机元素等成分组成,阴燃时的各成分排放因子整体表现为高于明燃时。     

Contribution of a liana species, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mucuna macrocarpa</Emphasis> Wall., to litterfall production and nitrogen input in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

Annual amounts of litterfall and nitrogen input by litterfall were measured in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest to examine the contribution of a liana species, Mucuna macrocarpa Wall., to the spatial heterogeneity of litterfall production and nitrogen input. The total litterfall in the study plot was 7.1 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The amount of litterfall varied with topography and was greatest at the valley bottom and decreased toward the ridges. Macuna macrocarpa litterfall was absent on the ridges although it accounted for the largest percentage, 32%, of total leaf litter production in the valley. Nitrogen input by litterfall was 69 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the plot. Nitrogen input by litterfall was also largest at the valley bottom and decreased toward the ridges. Leaf litter of M. macrocarpa had approximately twice the nitrogen concentration of litterfall of other species. Macuna macrocarpa accounted for 42% of nitrogen input by leaf litter in the valley. The abundance and the high nitrogen concentration of M. macrocarpa intensified differences in the amount of litterfall and nitrogen input by litterfall between valleys and ridges. It was concluded that a liana species, M. macrocarpa, can contribute to the spatial heterogeneity of litterfall and may subsequently affect nutrient cycling in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest on Okinawa Island.     

巨桉枯落物化感物质的研究

为了解巨桉Eucalyptus grandis的枯落物内含物对其他物种的化感作用,试验以正己烷作溶剂,用超声波浸提巨桉枯落物,采用GC-MS联用技术,鉴定了巨桉枯落物中所含的有机化学成分。结果表明：巨桉枯落物中含有烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、醇、醛、酮、酚和酯等8类35种化合物。证明巨桉枯落物中存在化感物质,主要为烷烃、芳香烃和酯类物质。这些化感物质可能对植物种子萌发、幼苗生长有重要的影响。表1参13     

Monthly variation in litterfall and the amount of nutrients in an Aleurites montana plantation

In this study,the dynamics of monthly variation in litterfall and the amount of nutrients,i.e.,organic C,N,P and K,in an Aleurites montana plantation were analyzed,based on a field study and experiments over one year.The results show that the litterfall mass of A.montana collected generally presents an ascending trend with maximum defoliation occurring in the autumn and winter (October-December),accounting for 75.67% of the total amount of annual litterfall.The sequence in the amount of nutrients in A.montana litter was as follows:organic C > N > K > P;their monthly amounts show various dynamic curves.Similar to the dynamics of the mass of monthly litterfall,the monthly returns of C,N,P and K generally show an ascending trend with their peak values all occurring in December.The mass of A.montana litterfall and the dynamics of its monthly nutrient return provide,to a certain degree,a scientific reference for planting and fertilizing A.montana.