Artificial Diet Influences Population Growth of the Root Maggot Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae)

In order to investigate the effects of artificial diets on the population growth of root maggot Bradysia impatiens, its population growth parameters were assayed on eight artificial diets (Diet 1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, and D8). Results showed that developmental duration from egg to pupa was successfully completed on all eight artificial diets. However, the egg to pupal duration was shortest, while the survival rate of four insect stages was lowest when B. impatiens was reared on D1. When B. impatiens was reared on D7 and D8, the survival rate, female longevity, and female oviposition were higher than those reared on other diets. When B. impatiens was reared on D7, the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m = 0.19/d), net reproductive rate (R₀ = 39.88 offspring per individual), and finite rate of increase (λ = 1.21/d) were higher for its population growth with shorter generation time (T = 19.49 d) and doubling time (Dt = 3.67 d). The findings indicate that the D7 artificial diet is more appropriate for the biological parameters of B. impatiens and can be used an indoor breeding food for population expansion as well as further research. We propose that vitamin C supplement added to the D7 is critical for the improvement of the B. impatiens growth.     

赛北紫堇总生物碱抗炎作用研究

通过建立二甲苯诱导小白鼠耳廓肿胀和蛋清诱导大鼠足跖肿胀炎症模型观察赛北紫堇(Corydalis impatiens (Pall.) Fisch)总生物碱的抗炎作用.结果表明,赛北紫堇总生物碱明显抑制二甲苯所致的小鼠耳廓肿胀(P＜0.05)和蛋清所致的大鼠足跖肿胀(P＜0.05).赛北紫堇总生物碱具有明显的抗炎作用.     

Purification and serology of virions of impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus

Impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus (INSV) virions were purified using a procedure devised for tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) from systemically infectedNicotiana benthamiana plants grown at 33 °C day/26 °C night and a photoperiod of 14 hours. With plants grown at 24/18 ° C purification was unsuccessful. In SDS-PAGE the protein pattern of INSV was similar to that reported for TSWV, except the appearance of a single G2 protein band. A polyclonal antiserum, prepared against virions, reacted in Western blots with INSV nucleoprotein and glycoproteins but only with TSWV glycoproteins. In DAS ELISA the antiserum reacted with both INSV and TSWV infected plant sap and, after absorption with TSWV, only with INSV. In TAS ELISA the antiserum trapped both INSV and TSWV nucleoproteins and glycoproteins as detected by specific monoclonal antibodies, and, after absorption with TSWV, only the homologous proteins. This appears to be the first report of the purification of INSV virions and the production of an antiserum reacting with both nucleoprotein and glycoprotein antigens.     

LIMESTONE PARTICLE SIZE AND RESIDUAL LIME CONCENTRATION AFFECT PH BUFFERING IN CONTAINER SUBSTRATES

The objective was to quantify how the concentration and particle size of unreacted “residual” limestone affected pH buffering capacity for ten commercial and nine research container substrates that varied in residual calcium carbonate equivalents (CCE) from 0.3 to 4.9 g CCE·L^?1. The nine research substrates contained 70% peat:30% perlite (by volume) with dolomitic hydrated lime at 2.1 g·L^?1, followed by incorporation of one of four particle size fractions [850 to 2000 μm (10 to 20 US mesh), 250 to 850 μm (20 to 60 US mesh), 150 to 250 μm (60 to 100 US mesh), or 75 to 150 μm (100 to 200 US mesh)] of a dolomitic carbonate limestone at 0, 1.5 or 3.0 g·L^?1. Substrate-pH buffering was quantified by measuring the pH change following either (a) mineral acid drenches without plants, or (b) a greenhouse experiment where an ammonium-based (acidic) or nitrate-based (basic) fertilizer was applied to Impatiens wallerana Hook. F. Increasing residual CCE in commercial substrates was correlated with greater pH buffering following either the hydrochloric acid (HCl) drench or impatiens growth with an ammonium-based fertilizer. Research substrates with high applied lime rate (3.0 kg·m^?3) had greater pH buffering than at 0 or 1.5 g·L^?1. At 3 g·L^?1, the intermediate limestone particle size fractions of 250 to 850 μm and 150 to 250 (20 to 60 or 60 to 100 US mesh) provided the greatest pH-buffering with impatiens. Particle fractions finer than 150 μm reacted quickly over time, whereas buffering by particles coarser than 850 μm was limited because of the excessively slow reaction rate during the experimental periods. Addition of acid from either an ammonium-based fertilizer or HCl reduced residual CCE over time. Dosage with 40 meq acid from HCl per liter of substrate or titration with HCl acid to substrate-pH of 4.5 were well-correlated with pH buffering in the greenhouse trials and may be useful laboratory protocols to compare pH buffering of substrates. With nitrate fertilizer application, residual CCE did not affect buffering against increasing pH. Residual limestone is an important substrate property that should be considered for pH management in greenhouse crop production under acidic conditions.     

凤仙花品种、胡瓜钝绥螨和花粉对西花蓟马为害水平的影响

采用三因子随机区组试验,研究了凤仙花品种、释放胡瓜钝绥螨和添加花粉对西花蓟马为害水平的影响.结果表明,凤仙花品种和释放胡瓜钝绥螨对西花蓟马的为害水平有显著影响,西花蓟马为害水平在品种'Impulse Orange'上明显高于品种'Cajun Carmine',西花蓟马为害水平在释放胡瓜钝绥螨处理下明显低于没有释放胡瓜钝绥螨处理,但高、低比例释放胡瓜钝绥螨对为害水平没有影响.是否添加花粉和添加花粉的时间对西花蓟马的为害水平没有显著影响.     

Effect of reduced risk pesticides for use in greenhouse vegetable production on Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

BACKGROUND: Bumble bees [Bombus impatiens (Cresson)] are widely used for supplemental pollination of greenhouse vegetables and are at risk of pesticide exposure while foraging. The objective of this study was to determine the lethal and sub‐lethal effects of four insecticides (imidacloprid, abamectin, metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole) and three fungicides (myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil) used or with potential for use in Ontario greenhouse vegetable production to B. impatiens. RESULTS: Imidacloprid, abamectin, and metaflumizone were harmful to worker bees following direct contact, while chlorantraniliprole and all fungicides tested were harmless. Worker bees fed imidacloprid‐contaminated pollen had shortened life spans and were unable to produce brood. Worker bees consumed less pollen contaminated with abamectin. Metaflumizone, chlorantraniliprole and all fungicides tested caused no sub‐lethal effects in bumble bee micro‐colonies. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the new reduced risk insecticides metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole and the fungicides myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil are safe for greenhouse use in the presence of bumble bees. This information can be used preserve greenhouse pollination programs while maintaining acceptable pest management. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

A Review and Bibliography of the Literature of Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder: A Poorly Understood Epidemic that Clearly Threatens the Successful Pollination of Billions of Dollars of Crops in America

ABSTRACT

This article briefs agricultural librarians on three key aspects of Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), a disease involving the virtually total disappearance and presumed annihilation of the adult bee population of hives: (1) the yearly multibillion dollar importance of honeybees as the nation's key crop pollinators and the annual $200 million domestic production and export of honey; (2) the more common bee diseases and well-known hive stressors that current theories of CCD suggest interact with each other in some as yet undetermined combination, perhaps including new pathogens to which most American bees have limited or no immunity; and (3) several bees other than the honeybee that are not currently affected by CCD and that have some potential as partial substitute pollinators for some crops.     

云南省蝴蝶兰上凤仙花坏死斑病毒的鉴定

2008 年对云南省主要花卉基地进行调查,获得症状表现为环斑、坏死,疑似番茄斑萎病毒属（Tospovirus）病毒的蝴蝶兰样品。应用生物测定,结合现代电镜技术、免疫试纸条检测技术初步确定为番茄斑萎病毒属的凤仙花坏死斑病毒（Impaliens necrotic spot virus,INSV）,通过设计的4 对引物进行RT-PCR扩增和测序,获得核壳体蛋白（Nucleocapsid protein）基因核酸长度为886 nts,RNA M 编码的非结构蛋白（Nonstructure protein,NSm）基因核酸长度为681 nts,依赖于RNA 的RNA 聚合酶（RdRp）基因核酸长度为1 048 nts,测序结果在NCBI BLAST 网络数据库中比对,同时应用生物信息软件DNAman 比对,其与INSV的同源性都达90%以上,都证明分离到的病原物为凤仙花坏死斑病毒（INSV）。     

不同灌溉方式对温室凤仙生长的影响

随着改革开放的深入和经济的迅猛发展,近年来我国的花卉苗木产业发展很快.特别是进入20世纪90年代以来,发展更是迅速.花卉苗木产业已经成为调整产业结构、农民致富奔小康的"朝阳产业".为此,通过滴灌、微喷灌和人工点灌3种灌溉模式,利用正交试验方法,研究了灌水量和灌水周期对温室中凤仙生长的影响,得出了3种灌溉模式的最优灌水量和灌水周期.试验表明,灌水量、灌水周期以及它们的交互作用对凤仙花生长的影响主次和程度因灌溉模式的不同而不同,确定灌水量和灌水周期时应根据灌溉模式和生产实际情况而定.