Voluntary immobility and existential security in a changing climate in the Pacific

With the expectation of adverse climate change impacts, some (often majority) Indigenous populations of the Pacific are expressing a preference to remain on Indigenous lands for cultural and spiritual reasons. In some cases, Indigenous people express preparedness to die on traditional territory rather than relocate, representing a new type of agency and resistance to dispossession. This is a prominent politics of place of relevance to emerging debates and decision‐making around retreat and relocation. If climate change is experienced by populations as an existential threat to culture, identity and place‐based connections, voluntary immobility can be an important adaptation strategy that helps to strengthen cultural and spiritual resilience among those facing the prospect of a lost homeland. This paper argues that voluntary immobility decisions need ethically robust and culturally appropriate policies and practices, particularly when a site is deemed by external experts to be no longer fit for human settlement. National governments, civil society groups, international organisations and donors will need to: engage in culturally meaningful dialogue with communities about relocation and immobility; respect, protect and fulfil the rights of ‘immobile’ people and those on the move; and confirm that in situ adaptation options have been exhausted.     

多孔陶瓷膜固定木瓜蛋白酶的研究

用经磷酸缓冲液处理后的多孔陶瓷膜作为固定化酶的载体，采用物理吸附法固定木瓜蛋白酶．试验结果表明，当溶液酶质量浓度为1．0～2．0mg／mL、pH7．0、固定2h时，固定化酶活力最高达111．1U／g，活力回收达57．9％．固定化酶反应最适pH为6．0～8．0，最适温度为60～70℃，70℃下保温4h活力仍保持在50％以上，半衰期54d．试验证明，多孔陶瓷膜吸附能力强、吸附速度快，制备的固定化木瓜蛋白酶的pH稳定性、热稳定性、贮藏稳定性明显优于溶液酶．     

Tonic immobility,heterophil to lymphocyte ratio,and organ weights in slow-growing chickens

Effects of sex and strain of bird on factors influencing welfare in chickens were investigated in 288 21-week-old Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK), Ovambo (OV), and Naked Neck (NN) chickens. The birds were allocated to 4 paddocks of Chloris gayana and a house subdivided into 4 pens. There were 12 males per strain and 12 females per strain in each paddock. Similarly, 12 males per strain and the same number of females were placed in each pen in the house. Twelve birds, 4 each of NN, OV, and PK, were randomly selected per paddock and per pen, and tonic immobility (TI) was determined. Ambient temperature and humidity were recorded and fitted into a PROC MIXED model as random effects, with strain and sex as main effects. On the last d of the trial, blood samples were collected from 9 (3 of each strain) randomly selected birds per paddock, via brachial venepuncture, using 5 mL syringes and 22 gauge needles. At slaughter, the liver and spleen were recovered and weighed immediately. Organ weights were expressed relative to body weight (BW) of each bird. Sex of bird influenced (P < 0.05) BW, spleen, and relative liver weights and heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. Strain did not influence (P > 0.05) TI but affected (P < 0.05) all other parameters. Rearing system (P < 0.05) influenced all parameters. Strain × sex interactions were significant (P < 0.05) on all organ weights. Males appeared more stressed than females. The free-range system could minimize stress in birds though mechanisms should be devised to prevent attacks by predators. Perhaps future research could be designed to study similar parameters over a longer observation period using younger slow-growing chickens.     

Blood pressure and heart rate during tonic immobility in the black tipped reef shark,Carcharhinus melanoptera

Tonic immobility was induced in black tipped reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanoptera) and heart rate and ventral aortic blood pressure recorded. Without branchial irrigation, tonic immobility was correlated with a significant depression in blood pressure and heart rate irrespective of the sharks being in air or in water. Tonic immobility with branchial irrigation resulted in a significant increase in blood pressure in sharks in air, but not in water. Heart rate was unchanged when the gills were irrigated. Intra-arterial injections of atropine abolished the bradycardia and blood pressure rise associated with tonic immobility. We conclude that, during tonic immobility, sharks are able to receive afferent information from the ventilatory system and make appropriate responses via the vagus nerve.     

蚯蚓粪作为土壤重金属污染修复剂的潜力分析

随着工农业的发展,重金属对土壤和农作物的污染问题越来越突出,对土壤重金属的修复研究也越来越重要。蚯蚓作为土壤环境中最常见的无脊椎动物在生活过程中的摄食、做穴、移动、排便等行为都会对土壤重金属产生影响。通过对蚯蚓粪作为土壤重金属污染修复剂的潜力进行总结、分析,对蚯蚓粪修复土壤重金属污染的研究方向提出了建议与展望。     

厌氧流化床生物膜形成及脱落研究进展

本文综述了最近几年有关厌氧流化床反应器中生物膜的固定化及脱落方面的研究进展,以及生物膜的形成机理和脱落方式,并对厌氧流化床反应器的研究发展趋势进行了展望.     

Higher fear of predators does not decrease outdoor range use in free-range Rowan Ranger broiler chickens

Organic chicken production is currently experiencing a boom in Sweden, but has only recently gained access to a commercial slow-growing broiler strain, the Rowan Ranger. While these chickens are reported to grow at rates better suited to organic production than previously available strains, anecdotal evidence suggested increased fearfulness in this strain and concerns were raised that this may deter the birds from accessing the range. We subjected Rowan Rangers and fast-growing Ross 308 raised on the same organic farm to a set of behavioural tests while also tracking activity and outdoor use. The results suggest that although Rowan Rangers indeed show longer durations of tonic immobility, an index of predator-related fear, both strains made an outdoor visit on average once every 1.5?h and typically spent around 5% of their days in the range. Overall however, our results support the transition to Rowan Rangers in organic chicken production in Sweden.     

The use of behavioral tests of fearfulness in chicks to distinguish between the Japanese native chicken breeds,Tosa-Kukin and Yakido

The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in fearfulness between two Japanese native chicken breeds, Tosa-Kukin (TOK) and Yakido (YKD). In a tonic immobility test, TOK breed chicks showed longer duration and lower induction number compared with YKD. The number of peeps in YKD in an isolation test was lower than that in TOK, whereas there were more bouts of peeping in YKD than in TOK. In a manual restraint test, YKD showed more active responses and initiated peeps and struggling earlier than TOK. The three behavioral tests all indicated that YKD are less fearful than TOK chickens. A latent structures discriminant (OPLS-DA) analysis was used to identify behavioral parameters that contributed to the differences between the breeds. The major parameters were duration and number of inductions in the tonic immobility test and number of struggle in the manual restraint test. These results suggest that three behavioral tests can be used together to evaluate fearfulness of Japanese native breeds of chickens.