Girdling and summer pruning in apple increase soil respiration

The root system of plants derives all its energy from photosynthate translocated from the canopy to the root system. Canopy manipulations that alter either the rate of canopy photosynthesis or the translocation of photosynthate are expected to alter dry matter partitioning to the root system. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of trunk girdling (2008 and 2009) and summer pruning (2009) on soil respiration, maximum quantum yield efficiency of photosystem II and leaf carbohydrate content. In apple trees, following trunk girdling there was increased soil respiration in association with a significant rainfall event suggesting rapid release of organic matter and subsequent microbial decomposition of the carbon. Soil respiration rates returned to baseline levels over time. Reduction in midday maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (RPSII) was increased by girdling when crop load was low and this reduction was not related to leaf carbohydrate levels. Girdling reduced leaf sucrose and sorbitol levels in both years, however, total leaf carbohydrates were not affected by girdling. Summer pruning increased soil respiration within 2 weeks of treatment in association with a significant rainfall event, also suggesting a release of organic matter and microbial decomposition of the carbon. Cultural practices that severely affect canopy sink source relationships such as girdling and summer pruning increase soil respiration, however these effects appear to be very short lived, 3–10 days, followed by recovery of the soil/root system to similar levels of soil carbon dioxide efflux. These cultural practices do not likely pose a long-term detrimental effect on root system efficiency because the effects are of short duration with apparent recovery.     

提高大石早生李坐果率试验研究

为提高大石早生李初果期坐果率,于盛花期进行人工授粉、环剥和环割、喷施激素和微肥试验。结果表明:选择盖县大李和香蕉李作授粉树,盛花期对主干进行环剥、喷施30×10-6赤霉素、100×10-6氯化稀土、03%硼砂+03%尿素,均能显著提高大石早生李坐果率。     

环割对柑橘叶片衰老的影响

以3年生红黎檬砧‘暗柳橙’（Anliucheng）为试材,研究了环割与环剥对柑橘叶片光合性能及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,环割和环剥30 d后均不同程度降低了叶片叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和细胞间CO2浓度（Ci）,其中环剥处理对叶片SPAD和Pn产生了持续性的影响;环割和环剥在处理的前期均显著增加了叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）等抗氧化酶活性;处理30 d后叶片抗氧化物质抗坏血酸（AsA）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量显著低于对照,随后呈上升趋势,达到一个峰值后缓慢恢复到正常状态;各处理叶片膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量均呈上升趋势,环割2次和环剥处理叶片初期MDA含量显著高于对照,引发柑橘叶片中一系列抗氧化反应,造成其膜脂氧化程度加剧。     

不同环剥时期对烤烟产质量的影响

为探讨不同环剥时期对烤烟产质量的影响,对打顶后的栽培品种云烟87进行不同环剥时期试验。结果表明：打顶后15d进行环剥烟草的产量、均价、产值、单叶重、上中等烟比例等综合表现较好。该研究进一步补充和完善了烤烟环剥技术的研究内容,为改进栽培措施对提高烟叶产质量的影响提供理论依据。     

断根、环割对烟草体内钾、钙、镁循环和积累的影响

在网室内采用水培方式栽培烟草,于烟草打顶期及打顶后一周进行断根、环割处理,探讨断根、环割及断根+环割对烟草吸收钾、钙、镁和烟株体内钾、钙、镁循环、积累的影响。结果表明：断根降低了木质部汁液单位时间的钙、镁吸收循环量及钙、镁在韧皮部的积累量,而环割处理的结论刚好相反。断根+环割显著提高了木质部汁液单位时间的钾吸收循环量和烟叶的钾积累量,提高上部叶的钾含量,降低了中、下部烟叶钙、镁的含量,因此该处理提高烟叶品质的效果最好。     

环剥时期及宽度对驿新圆大枣产量的影响

为充分掌握和合理应用驿新圆大枣在花蕾开花不同时期最佳的环剥宽度,以10~12a生的驿新圆大枣为试材,进行了不同环剥时期、环剥宽度试验,结果表明:驿新圆大枣花蕾50%左右开花时进行0.5cm宽度的环剥产量最高,达33.114 0t/hm~2;与花蕾开花70%左右时采用0.5cm宽度环剥,花蕾开花50%左右时采用0.4cm、0.6cm宽度环剥和花蕾开花30%左右时采用0.5cm宽度环剥的相比,产量分别提高6.9%、12.4%、15.4%和17.8%;花蕾开花50%左右采用0.5cm宽度环剥,与其他4种处理之间在产量上存在极显著差异。     

中国西北棉花根系呼吸对土壤呼吸贡献率的研究

To measure the contribution of root respiration (Rr) to total soil respiration (Rt) in arid cotton fields, eighteen plots, nine for girdling and nine control, were built in an arid cotton field in the Aksu National Experimental Station of Oasis Farmland Ecosystem, Xinjiang of China. Given the difference of soil respiration between girdled plots and non-girdled control plots, the components of soil respiration, root respiration (Rr) and respiration originating from decomposition (Rd) were divided. The temperature sensitivities of R r and R d were analyzed, respectively. The results showed that the average contribution of R r to R t in arid cotton field was about 32% during the study period. The temperature-response curve of R r differed from that of Rd . The dynamic variation of R d was more related to the change of soil temperature as compared to Rr . Rr and Rd had different responses to the variation of environment, and thus new models capable of differentiating between Rr and Rd are needed for evaluating the different factors controlling these two components of soil respiration in arid cotton field.     

藤稔葡萄主枝环剥对果实着色及相关基因表达的影响

 对藤稔葡萄主枝环剥促进其果实着色的效果以及对花青苷合成相关重要基因的表达等进行了分析。研究结果表明,主枝环剥不仅可提高果肉中可溶性固形物的含量,并且明显改善果实着色,使外观颜色加深,果皮花青苷含量增加,果面光泽明亮度（L*值）和颜色组分b*值下降,颜色组分a*值以及红色葡萄果实颜色指数（CIRG值）增大。环剥处理还明显促进了UFGT、MYBA1和MYBA2的表达,MYBA1和MYBA2于环剥处理后的第2周（花后63 d）表达水平明显上调,相对表达量达到最高值。UFGT的表达水平与花青苷的积累趋势具有很好的一致性,环剥处理使UFGT的相对表达高峰提前1周左右。     

Tree girdling increases soil N mineralisation in two spruce stands

Tree girdling is a common practice in forestry whenever trees are to be killed without felling. The effect of tree girdling on soil nitrogen (N) mineralisation was estimated in both an old and a young spruce forest. The dynamics of mineral N (NO₃⁻–N and NH₄⁺–N) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and N (MBN) were determined for different seasons. The in situ net N mineralisation was measured by incubating soil samples in stainless steel cylinders and the gross N mineralisation rates were measured by ¹⁵N pool dilution method. Mineral N concentrations increased significantly in the girdled plots in both old and young spruce forests and showed variations between soil horizons and between sampling times. Tree girdling significantly increased net N mineralisation in both spruce forests. Annual net N mineralisation was 64 and 39 kg N ha⁻¹ in O horizon of the girdled plots in old and young forest plots, respectively, compared to 25 and 21 kg N ha⁻¹ in the control plots. Annual N mineralisation in A horizon was similar between girdled and control plots (31 kg N ha⁻¹) in the old forest whereas in the young forest A horizon N mineralisation was about 2.5 times higher in the girdled plots. As a result, the annual carbon budget was significantly more positive in the girdled plots than in the control plots in both old and young forests. However, we found significantly higher gross N mineralisation rates in both horizons in the control plots than the girdled plots in the old forest, but no differences between the treatments in the young forest. The MBC and MBN contents only showed significant changes during the first three months of the experiment and were similar later on. They first decreased as girdling removed the root carbohydrate, amino and organic acid exudation from the C sources for microorganisms then increased two months after the treatment root dieback acted as a new source of C. Mineralising microorganisms enhanced the mineral N concentrations in girdled plots as a result of greater activity rather than larger population size.     

环剥与药剂处理对龙眼果实落果及果柄离层响应的影响

【目的】海南龙眼生产模式可分为自然成花的正造龙眼和氯酸钾催花的反季节龙眼,合理的果实负载量对树势保持和避免出现大小年结果极为重要。正造与反季节龙眼生产上的果实负载调控模式差异很大,龙眼正造果实坐果量极大,严重影响树势和果实品质;而反季节龙眼采前落果普遍发生,严重影响龙眼产量,因此正造龙眼的疏果和反季节龙眼的保果同样重要。【方法】以海南主栽品种石硖龙眼为试验材料,开展正造疏果和反季节保果两个试验。正造龙眼果穗进行不同疏果药剂处理,研究疏果效应;反季节龙眼人为诱导落果后,配合不同保果药剂处理,研究保果效应。【结果】通过对龙眼果实落果率和果柄离层分离力的跟踪监测,发现胁迫促进脱落情况下,IAA和DMTU处理可延迟反季节龙眼果实脱落进程2 d,2,4-D和NAA处理可延迟果实脱落进程3 d,但均不能阻止果实脱落,IAA取代果实的位置处理可完全抑制果柄分离;环剥处理可诱导100%正造龙眼果实在6 d内全部脱落;不同浓度乙烯利、百草枯与100 g/L尿素处理后10 d内分别诱发11.88%～53.05%、29.23%及35.43%的果实脱落,仅尿素处理10 d后落果极少,其余处理均出现延续性落果。...