热泵干燥系统的（火用）分析

干燥技术的发展具有悠久的历史,涉及到国民经济的各个领域。热泵应用于农产品干燥节能中,易于控制干燥工质的温度和湿度,从而保证产品质量。为此,利用火用分析法分析了热泵干燥系统中各装置的火用损失和减少火用损失的途径,以便能更准确地了解能源利用情况,并针对不同的干燥形式采用火用分析法分析能源利用状况以便改进系统设计。     

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED Exergy as an ecological application used in the recovery process of benthic communities

Exergy, the thermodynamic function that represents the distance of an open system from equilibrium, is proposed as an ecological indicator for summarizing the complex dynamics occurring in a disturbed community during its recovery processes. These complex dynamics can be difficult to capture by using classical indices. In this study, we sampled macrobenthos using the BACI scheme (before versus after; control versus impact) in tidal wetlands of west Chongming Island, China, an area that has been disturbed by ecological engineering measures. Exergy storage is estimated for benthic communities. The control area is proposed as dynamic reference for estimating local exergy storage of the benthic community. Three different methods were used for estimating exergy on the basis of coefficients: (a) taken for taxa groups; (b) estimated from coding genes given for broad taxonomic groups; and (c) estimated from genome size taken as close as possible to the taxonomic level of the species, providing a basis for inferring similarities. We found a decrease of local exergy content in the disturbed area 9 days after the disturbance. Subsequently, the reference exergy of the benthic community increased (i.e. in the surrounding control area) in accordance with the proposed hypothesis regarding the dynamics of exergy storage during a system's development. Estimates of local exergy arrived at using the three methods provided comparable results. Based on this, we then discuss the feasibility of using the more readily available genome size data for estimating exergy. This result may have important implications for broader application of this indicator to biological systems. Moreover, the adjacent control samples seem to represent an appropriate dynamic reference for estimating the local exergy of disturbed communities. We found that exergy was a useful indicator that integrates the processes underlying the recovery of the benthic community after disturbance.     

基于[火用]方法的空调冷热源系统优化决策

结合方法和热经济学原理建立了空调冷热源系统的分析模型,阐述了产品成本是评价冷热源系统方案优劣的关键因素.采用多目标模糊决策方法,综合考虑了单位产品成本、初投资、技术先进性、安装面积、运行安全可靠性、维护管理难易程度和环保性等多种影响因素,基于方法的冷热源优化决策算法.通过应用实例,说明了此新优化决策算法相比工程中传统决策方法,可靠性更高,使各决策方案间优劣区分度更加明显。     

An exergy assessment model of the environmental impacts of building energy use

Buildings, as products of built environment creation made by human kind, consume a substantial amount of energy. Building energy performance attracts much attention from many countries. Two things building energy use affects are fossil energy co     

Optimization of an artificial neural network topology using coupled response surface methodology and genetic algorithm for fluidized bed drying

In this study, an integrated response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) are recommended for developing artificial neural networks (ANNs) with great chances to be an optimal one. A multi-layer feed forward (MLFF) ANN was applied to correlate the outputs (energy and exergy) to the four exogenous inputs (drying time, drying air temperature, carrot cubes size, and bed depth). The RSM was used to build the relationship between the input parameters and output responses, and used as the fitness function to measure the fitness value of the GA approach. In the relationship building, five variables were used (number of neurons, momentum coefficient and step size in the hidden layer, number of epochs and number of training times). A polynomial model was developed from training results to mean square error (MSE) of 50 developed ANNs to generate 3D response surfaces and contour plots. Finally, GA was applied to find the optimal topology of ANN. The ANN topology had minimum MSE when the number of neurons in the hidden layer, momentum coefficient, step size, number of training epochs and training times were 28, 0.66, 0.35, 2877 and 3, respectively. The energy and exergy of carrot cubes during fluidized bed drying were predicted with R² values of greater than 0.97 using optimal ANN topology.     

高湿稻谷节能干燥工艺系统设计与试验

为了降低高湿稻谷干燥耗能、提高干燥系统作业效率,基于高湿稻谷干燥特性和干燥传递理论,绘制出了高湿稻谷贮存干燥仓内通风去湿降温过程状态参数变化图,设计出了高湿稻谷贮存干燥仓,能够利用常温自然空气实现高湿稻谷干燥和有效回收干燥系统的烟气余热。应用结果显示,在风量谷物比为149 m3/(h·t)时,每间隔1 h,通风2 h,累计贮藏干燥18 h,可使初始含水率31.3%的稻谷平均含水率降低11.36%,回收烟气废热55.3%。针对南方高温高湿的气候特点,设计出了5HNH-15型稻谷逆流热风干燥机和节能干燥工艺系统。试验结果表明,系统的单位耗热量为2 939 kJ/kg,与国标≤7 400 kJ/kg相比,最高节能可达60%。该文指出了实现高湿稻谷优质、高效节能干燥,合理的工艺系统设计应以客观能势的利用为主,人为提供主观热能消耗为辅。研究结果为粮食干燥设计指明了高效节能途径,为大型粮食集中干燥工艺系统设计提供了参考。     

常规与低温纤维干燥工艺的热、(火用)评价

为实现中密度纤维板(MDF)生产的节能降耗,提高能量利用率,对MDF生产线的常规和低温纤维干燥工段进行了热、(火用)利用的对比分析.结果表明:与常规纤维干燥工艺相比,低温干燥工艺的热效率更高,干燥过程消耗热能低,且低温干燥设备的(火用)效率较高,可更有效地利用干燥能量.针对上述结果,从(火用)分析的角度,提出了MDF生产线节能改造、提高能量利用效率的建议.     

小型中央空调系统热经济学优化设计分析

建立了户式中央空调常用制冷剂HCFC22热物性的仿真模型，在VC 环境下编制了仿真程序；提出了户式中央空调系统的热经济学优化方法，对典型的户式中央空调系统进行了热力学和热经济学优化，并对两者优化结果进行了比较。结果表明，户式中央空调系统的热经济学优化方法能够克服热力学优化方法的弊端，有利于减少系统的年生产费用，是一种值得推广使用的新方法。     

The Concept of Agricultural Productivity on Ecosystem Scale and Its Measurement

What is the connotation and the extension of the productivity concept and how to calculate it are the core problems in evaluating an agricultural-production process. The attributes of agricultural production processes have changed greatly in the last 100 years, and the methods to describe and measure the productivity failed to keep in pace with the production processes, resulting in a totally vague, incomplete evaluation of the production processes. Sometimes the serious problem of pollution is ignored in the race to shortdated money making, thus leading to a blooming and flooding pollution; sometimes the great ecological benefits are ignored and the corresponding production processes suffer drastically from “economic deficit”. With the old agricultural productivity indices, no prediction can be made of the ultimate effects of agroecosytem on mankind-pollution or welfare. A new concept, agricultural productivity on ecosystem scale （APES） and the related indices are defined here to solve these problems. Emergy and exergy are introduced to help the measurement of the indices. Emergy is the memory of energy, which can be used to measure the total cost, including natural capital and social capital. APES of the agroecosystem is the aggregated contributions of all components to mankind and its habitat in uniformed dimensions, it may be expressed in material, energy, information, organization, pollution and damage, etc., positive or negative, and are calculated based on exergy methods. And a related index agroecological coupling degree （ACD） shows sustainability.     

温室主动蓄放热-热泵联合加温系统热力学分析

主动蓄放热-热泵联合加温系统加温和节能效果显著,在温室加温领域应用前景广阔,但系统技术参数及工艺仍有待优化。该文通过对系统进行能量平衡和可用能(Exergy)分析,得出系统及各组件的性能系数、可用能损失、损失比和可用能效率,以此为依据对系统进行性能评价和优化。试验结果表明:系统平均1 d中集热和保温阶段可用能损失总量为9.77×104 kJ,可用能效率为48.7%;可用能损失最大、可用能效率最低的组件是主动蓄放热装置,其次是热泵装置、循环水泵和蓄热水箱,其可用能损失比分别为78.7%、8.3%、7.7%、5.3%,可用能效率分别为25.6%、38.3%、75.0%、88.2%。就整个系统而言,最需要进行技术优化的是主动蓄放热装置与热泵装置,可用能损失主要由有限温差传热引起,降低传热温差、减少有限温差传热过程以及改进生产工艺是优化的重点。试验期间系统的集热效率为89.0%~100.5%,热泵装置制热性能系数(coefficient of performance,COPHp)达5.48~6.08,性能远远高于传统太阳能热水系统以及水、地源热泵。该研究为温室加温系统性能评价和优化设计提供思路。