Review and analysis of the potential for glyphosate to interact with the estrogen,androgen and thyroid pathways

Glyphosate was recently evaluated for its potential to interact with the estrogen, androgen and thyroid (EAT) hormone pathways, including steroidogenesis, under the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP), then by Germany, the rapporteur Member State who led the European Annex 1 renewal for glyphosate, and then by the European Food Protection Agency (EFSA) also as part of the Annex 1 renewal for glyphosate. Under the EDSP, 11 Tier 1 assays were run following the USEPA's validated 890‐series test guidelines and included five in vitro and six in vivo assays to evaluate the EAT pathways. Steroidogenesis was evaluated as part of the estrogen and androgen pathways. An up‐to‐date critical review has been conducted that considered results from the EDSP Tier 1 battery, guideline regulatory studies and an in‐depth analysis of the literature studies that informed an endocrine assessment. A strength of this evaluation was that it included data across multiple levels of biological organization, and mammalian and nonmammalian test systems. There was strong agreement across the in vitro and in vivo Tier 1 battery, guideline studies and relevant literature studies, demonstrating that glyphosate does not interact with EAT pathways including steroidogenesis. Based on an analysis of the comprehensive toxicology database for glyphosate and the literature, this review has concluded that glyphosate does not have endocrine‐disrupting properties through estrogen, androgen, thyroid and steroidogenic modes of action. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

牛MEN1基因真核表达载体的构建及其表达分析

多发性内分泌腺瘤致病因子1 (multiple endocrine neoplasia Ⅰ,MEN1)参与乳腺发育与泌乳行为的调控.本研究克隆了牛(Bos taurus) MEN1基因(bMEN1)的全长cDNA,并在不同细胞中检测bMEN1mRNA及其编码蛋白menin的表达情况.根据GenBank中bMEN1基因序列,设计特异性引物,用qRT-PCR方法得到附带EcoR Ⅰ和HindⅢ酶切位点的bMEN1片段,并将其克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-myc-his(A)中.体外转染物种同源性细胞牛乳腺上皮细胞(bovine mammary gland epithelial cell,MAC-T)和异源性细胞中国仓鼠(Cricetulus barabensis)卵巢细胞(Chinese hamster ovary cells,CHO)、小鼠(Mus musculus)成肌细胞(mouse myoblast cells,C2C12),利用qRT-PCR和Westem blot技术检测转染前后bMEN1 mRNA和蛋白menin的表达.双酶切和基因测序结果表明,成功构建了bMEN1基因的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-myc-his-bMEN1.所建立的转染体系可以使目的基因bMEN1在3种不同细胞中成功表达mRNA和目的蛋白,转染后24 h都达到最高表达量,并达到极显著水平(P＜0.01),之后逐渐降低.其中,CHO细胞中的转染24 h后bMEN1 mRNA和menin蛋白的表达量分别是对照的28 415倍和5.65倍.本研究建立了bMEN1基因的真核表达载体及其转染体系,能够在不同细胞中成功表达,为体外研究MEN1基因对于乳腺的调节功能及其对于机体代谢的调节机制提供了一种工具和技术体系.     

农村环境中内分泌干扰物的现状、危害及处理

农村环境中大量使用的化肥、农药、防腐剂、添加剂、洗涤剂、激素类药物等，很多属于内分泌干扰物，并且还是持久性污染物，其显著及潜在的危害很大。目前的研究还只是集中于浓度较高时，单种内分泌干扰物对环境和生态所造成的危害方面。而在农村环境中的这些内分泌干扰物（或称类激素物质）浓度却往往比较低、成分复杂、存在范围广，当前还研究较少。由于其中有些物质存在协同效应，在低剂量时既能够表现出毒理学效应，因此其危害不容忽视。笔者就其来源、存在状态、危害和处理措施等方面进行了较为深入地研究和总结，旨在引起对该领域研究和管理的重视。     

绵羊胚胎移植生殖内分泌调控及其效果研究

初产供体母羊（14月龄）德国美利奴15只、波德代15只、无角陶赛特18只分别用孕酮(CIDR)+促性腺激素(PMSG)+促卵泡素(FSH)进行处理,受体小尾寒羊母羊（2胎）124只用CIDR+PMSG进行处理,处理期测定供、受体外周血液中生殖激素孕酮（p4）、雌二醇（E2）、促卵泡素（FSH）和促黄体素（LH）的动态变化。结果显示：3个供体品种和受体各自发情同期化水平和效果达到非常理想的状态,但供、受体发情同步差相距1 d。黄体数德国美利奴（7.71）显著高于陶赛特（5.19）（P<0.05）;冲卵数德国美利奴（5.50）显著高于陶赛特（3.44）（P<0.05）;可用胚胎率德国美利奴、波德代、陶赛特分别为70.13%、55.74%、78.18%,陶赛特显著高于波德代（P<0.05）;德国美利奴、波德代、陶赛特胚胎移植受胎率分别为55.26%、54.17%、42.31%,德国美利奴显著高于陶赛特（P<0.05）。处理期供体和受体生殖激素动态变化的幅度大,第13天供、受体血清中p4达到峰值,小尾寒羊分别高于德国美利奴（5.37 ng/mL）、波德代（6.14 ng/mL）和陶赛特（5.37 ng/mL）;供体血清中E2于第14天开始发情达到峰值,小尾寒羊于第15天开始发情达到峰值;供体血清中FSH于第13天达到峰值,小尾寒羊第14天达到峰值;供体血清中LH于第14天开始发情达到峰值,小尾寒羊血清中LH于第15天开始发情达到峰值。     

Distribution and ontogeny of gastrin- and serotonin-immunoreactive cells in the proventriculus of developing chick, Gallus gallus domestica

The ontogeny and distribution of gastrin- and serotonin-immunoreactive (IR) cell in the proventriculus of chicks (Gallus gallus domestica, n = 60) in different growth periods was examined immunohistochemically using antisera specific to gastrin and serotonin. Gastrin and serotonin-IR cells were detected in chick proventriculus. Gastrin-IR cells were first evident after 12 days of incubation in lamina epithelialis and compound glands, while serotonin-IR cells were observed only in compound glands at that same time. Gastrin-IR and serotonin-IR cells increased in frequency on incubation day 14 and 16, respectively. Towards the end of incubation, gastrin- and serotonin-IR cell numbers decreased. In adult chicken, both IR cells were present but not lower numbers. The observations demonstrate the presence of gastrin- and serotonin-IR cells in the proventriculus of developing chicks in temporally changing frequencies.     

蓝狐消化道5-羟色胺和生长抑素免疫组化定位

采用免疫组织化学SP法.研究蓝狐消化道内5-羟色胺和生长抑素2种免疫阳性细胞的形态结构与分布密度.结果表明,消化道中这2种免疫阳性细胞形态多呈圆形、椭圆形或锥体形,主要集中分布在胃腺上皮、肠上皮及肠腺上皮细胞之间.5-HT免疫阳性细胞数量以结肠最多,直肠和空肠次之,胃底腺区、十二指肠、回肠和幽门腺区较少,食管、贲门腺区和盲肠中未见:SS免疫阳性细胞大量出现于幽门腺区,食管、责门腺区和盲肠中未见;根据其形态推测,蓝狐消化道这2种免疫阳性细胞有内、外2种分泌功能.     

VD在骨骼外系统中的作用及其研究进展

以往普遍认为VD的主要功能是调节Ca离子来促进骨骼的生长和预防佝偻病,但最近几年的研究发现,VD不仅在骨骼疾病中起到重要作用,还与多种骨骼外疾病密切相关,包括一些心血管疾病、代谢紊乱有关的疾病、恶性肿瘤、过敏性疾病、自身免疫性疾病、生殖方面影响等。目前对VD生物学功能的研究比较全面和深入,但大部分是针对人体和小鼠的基础研究,对诸如牛、猪、犬、猫等不同动物VD的骨骼外系统生物学功能的研究较少。在查阅相关文献的基础上,通过对VD在血压、免疫调节、内分泌、子宫内膜和骨骼肌方面的生物学功能和研究进展进行总结,为不同动物VD在骨骼外系统生物学功能的研究提供一定参考。     

脂肪组织的内分泌功能及其与肌肉组织间的分子信号联系

脂肪组织不仅是机体储存能量的主要场所,还是一个活跃的内分泌器官;骨骼肌同样也具有分泌活性物质的功能,能表达、合成和分泌多种生物信号分子。这些活性因子与许多重要的生理、病理过程有密切的关系。对脂肪组织的内分泌功能及其与肌肉组织间的分子信号联系进行了综述。     

Kisspeptin-10对蛋鹌鹑卵巢发育与内分泌的影响

为研究Kisspeptin-10(Kp-10)对禽类生殖内分泌的影响,将75羽22日龄雌鹌鹑随机分为3组,分别腹腔注射300μL生理盐水(对照组),注射0.1 nmol Kp-10(低剂量组)和1 nmol Kp-10(高剂量组),每日注射1次,连续注射3周。记录鹌鹑开产情况,并于60日龄时采集血液和卵泡组织,测定生殖激素与受体的mRNA表达。结果:与对照组相比,注射Kp-10组鹌鹑产蛋率显著提高,且大卵泡数显著增加,血液中雌激素水平显著升高;低剂量组输卵管重显著增加,但体重、肝脏重和小卵泡重无显著变化。Real-time PCR结果显示,Kp-10处理显著下调小卵泡及F1级卵泡上促黄体激素受体(LHR)、促卵泡激素受体(FSHR)和促性腺激素释放激素Ⅰ(GnRH-Ⅰ)的基因表达。