昆虫迁飞过程中的定向行为

迁飞是昆虫区域性灾变的重要因素之一,阐明昆虫在空中的运动过程对发展迁飞害虫预警体系有重要意义。昆虫空中运行过程由起飞、运转和降落三个阶段组成,近年来的研究证实多种昆虫具有主动定向的能力,迁飞过程中的共同定向行为决定平均位移速度、迁飞轨迹和降落区域。昆虫的定向机制包括太阳罗盘定向、地磁定向、星空标志定向、偏振光定向、对风漂移的补偿和风定向等。     

罗盘仪测量在退耕还林项目中的应用

结合新的计算器程序、使用罗盘仪闭合导线测量法,确定退耕地块面积既精确又快捷,可为退耕还林工程节省人力、物力．     

罗盘导线定位及其精度分析

为解决森林调查中罗盘定位的精度问题,利用全站仪具有测量边长和角度精度高的特点,将其测量值作为真值.用罗盘仪对其值进行重复观测,进行比较研究,通过间接平差,得出罗盘仪测量边长和竖角的精度,由此推导出罗盘导线和罗盘测树高的精度.试验表明,1 km罗盘支导线最弱点的中误差达3 m,罗盘测树高的相对精度达5%.这个精度能够满足林业上的测量要求.由此可见,用罗盘进行辅助定位,是一种理想手段.     

Computer simulations of homeward-migrating Fraser River sockeye salmon: is compass orientation a sufficient direction-finding mechanism in the north-east Pacific Ocean?

Computer simulations were used to investigate whether compass orientation is a sufficient guidance mechanism for sockeye salmon migrating to the Fraser River from their ocean foraging grounds in the north-east Pacific Ocean. Daily surface ocean currents, simulated by the ocean surface current simulations (OSCURS) model, were used to test the influence of currents on the return oceanic migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon. High seas tagging and coastal recover data of Fraser River sockeye salmon were used for the migration simulations. Surface currents were shown to increase the speed of the homeward-migrating sockeye salmon, as well as to deflect the fish in a north-eastward direction. In spite of ocean currents, all Fraser River sockeye salmon were able to reach their destination with a fixed direction and bioenergetically efficient swimming speed when migration was delayed until the last month at sea. Compass orientation alone was shown to be a sufficient direction-finding mechanism for Fraser River sockeye salmon.     

The role of learning in fish orientation

Past research on fish orientation and migration has tended to focus on genetically fixed patterns of behaviour. However, in most aquatic environments, the physical landscape as well as biologically important locations will be subject to varying degrees of change, favouring an ability to learn. Here, we review the evidence from field and laboratory‐based experiments that fish can and do use learning and memory to orientate within their natural environments, relying on information from a diverse array of different sources. Comparisons of different species and populations suggest that fish may be predisposed to learn specific associations at specific times or places, appropriate for the particular navigational problems that they are likely to encounter.     

几种测量方法在森林资源调查中的应用与精度分析

通过外业调查数据分析和理论推导,对林业调查中的几种测量方法进行了比较分析。研究表明：①罗盘仪由于制作粗糙,在标准样地测设中尚能满足规范要求,但随着距离和竖直角的增加,精度急剧下降,在大范围的林地面积和科研特殊需要的测量中操作不便捷,精度差,效率低;②全站仪测设样地边长不超过100 m时,半测回的距离测量可达到1/10 000,高差测量误差不超过1 cm,且受距离和竖直角的影响较小;③当面积大于3.34 hm^2,边长超过100 m时,手持全球定位系统（GPS）完全可代替罗盘仪,并可通过坐标差分或修正坐标转换参数来提高测量精度。另外,网络RTK的发展必将连同全站仪成为精准林业测量的主要仪器设备。     

森林面积测量精度对比分析

通过在贵州山区（花溪区）不同林地条件下选设的多个点上进行面积测量试验，以全站仪测量结果为参考，对比分析实时动态GPS和罗盘仪在小班面积测量中的精度问题。研究表明，在进行森林资源调查小班面积测量时，其罗盘仪测量精度较GPS高；但是随着面积增大，GPS面积测量相对误差减小，而罗盘仪测量误差相对呈增大的趋势，并且测量精度明显低于GPS测量。GPS在对有林地、灌木林地、疏林地进行面积测量时，受林分郁闭度影响较大，其精度随着林分郁闭度的增大而降低；而在草地和无林地中无明显影响。由于目前采用的GPS单机定位精度不够高，所以不能用单机进行林业用地小地块面积测量，宜用GPS差分定位技术测量。     

Effects of sun compass error on spatial search by Clark's nutcrackers

Animals employ compasses during navigation, but little attention has been paid to how accuracy is maintained in the face of compass error, which is inevitable in biological systems. The use of multiple landmarks may minimize the effect of compass error. We allowed Clark's nutcrackers to cache seeds in an outdoor aviary with either one or four landmarks present, and subsequently subjected them to small clock‐shifts mimicking the effects of compass error. As predicted, the results showed a significant decrease in search accuracy following the clock‐shift when one landmark was present but not when four landmarks were present. These results support that nutcrackers encode information from the sun as well as terrestrial landmarks, and these spatial cues are used in a flexible manner. Overall, our results are important as they support the hypothesis that multiple landmarks may be used during situations where the sun compass has even a small amount of error.     

GPS与罗盘测量在林业调查设计中的应用比较

2002年6月至2006年6月,在林业调查设计中,采用GPS与罗盘两种测量方法,得到了304个地块的面积及3 900多个线段的长度。结果表明,面积越大,线段越长,两种测量方法之间的误差越小。当面积大于3.34 hm2,距离大于50 m时,误差范围小于5%,完全可以达到林业资源调查设计要求的标准。因此,作者认为,使用GPS可以代替罗盘测量。     

基于CA3070的相干检波在无线电罗盘中的应用

文章简要介绍调制解调原理,结合无线电罗盘的检波电路,分析了罗盘的调幅检波。文中围绕器件CA3070着重叙述相干解调的原理及过程,同时使用仿真软件Multisim对解调的电路进行仿真。