Comparison of flower color with anthocyanin composition patterns in evergreen azalea

In evergreen azaleas, major anthocyanins were detected from petals of wild species and cultivars by HPLC analysis. Depending on flower color, all samples were divided into three groups: red, purple or white, using the Japan color standard for horticultural plants. The chromatic components a* and b* values of red group samples showed a convergent distribution, whereas those of purple group samples showed a wider distribution. According to the HPLC analysis, red group samples had two to four major anthocyanins, and those of the purple group had two to six major ones. In contrast, no anthocyanins were detected in the white group petals, although anthocyanidins were detected. These results suggest that the anthocyanin constitution of the purple group flowers is more varied than that of the red group flowers, and this wider variety among purple flowers contributes to extending the diversity of flower color in evergreen azalea.     

杜鹃红山茶芽苗砧嫁接亲和性生理研究

杜鹃红山茶（Camellia azalea）为山茶科山茶属常绿灌木或小乔木,是中国特有珍稀濒危物种,在园林与观赏园艺方面具有广阔的应用前景,兼具有极高的科研价值。国内外关于杜鹃红山茶嫁接繁殖的研究主要集中在木质化砧木嫁接方面,而芽苗砧嫁接技术及芽苗砧嫁接亲和性生理的研究鲜有报道。为了从生理层面揭示杜鹃红山茶接穗与不同油茶芽苗砧的亲和性差异,本研究以广西栽培面积广泛的高州油茶、广宁红花油茶、岑溪软枝油茶、普通油茶为芽苗砧,以杜鹃红山茶当年生半木质化枝条为接穗进行芽苗砧嫁接,于嫁接后90 d,考察不同芽苗砧处理对杜鹃红山茶接穗死亡率、嫁接苗叶片中初生代谢产物含量、抗氧化生理指标以及光合色素含量的影响。结果表明：（1）不同芽苗砧木对杜鹃红山茶接穗的死亡率有显著影响,采用高州油茶作为芽苗砧,杜鹃红山茶嫁接死亡率最低,为18.5%;（2）不同芽苗砧木对杜鹃红山茶接穗叶片中可溶性蛋白含量及淀粉含量有显著影响,采用高州油茶砧木,嫁接苗叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及淀粉含量均处于最高水平;（3）不同芽苗砧木对杜鹃红山茶嫁接苗叶片中脯氨酸含量及过氧化物酶（POD）活性有显著影响,采用高州油茶作为芽苗砧,嫁接苗叶片中脯氨酸和丙二醛（MDA）含量最低,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和POD活性最高;（4）不同芽苗砧木对杜鹃红山茶嫁接苗叶片中总叶绿素、叶绿素a及叶绿素b含量有显著影响,采用高州油茶作为芽苗砧的杜鹃红山茶嫁接苗叶片中总叶绿素、叶绿素a及叶绿素b含量均最高。研究认为,杜鹃红山茶接穗与高州油茶芽苗砧具有较好的亲和性,其嫁接苗抗性优于其他芽苗砧处理,叶片生长状况较好,具有较强的光合能力。     

不同基质对杜鹃红山茶容器苗生长的影响

以杜鹃红山茶为供试材料,设置8种不同基质栽培处理,比较分析不同基质栽培对杜鹃红山茶地径、苗高、叶片数和总叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:S5(50%椰糠+40%泥炭藓+5%珍珠岩+5%粗河砂)、S6(50%腐熟木屑+20%泥炭藓+20%椰糠+5%珍珠岩+5%粗河砂)、S7(50%椰糠+20%珍珠岩+20%蛭石+10%粗河砂)3种混合基质配比物理化学性质稳定,有机质含量较高,且能较大地增加杜鹃红山茶苗木的地径、苗高、叶片数和叶绿素含量,有效促进杜鹃红山茶对养分的吸收和生长,是较为理想的配比组合,建议在生产上推广应用。     

百里杜鹃风景名胜区季节性旅游影响分析

就百里杜鹃季节性旅游带来的各种影响进行分析,认为景区季节性旅游对景区生态环境、当地经济和社会文化都会产生影响,在此基础上,提出季节性旅游地的保护性开发建议。     

激素处理对杜鹃花自交与杂交种子萌发的影响

杜鹃花种子细小且发芽率低,为探索有效促进种子萌发的方法,选用杜鹃花主栽品种春鹃紫蝴蝶自交种子为材料,通过蒸馏水浸种、GA₃浸种和无菌播种添加NAA、KT、ZT及GA₃的处理方式,比较不同处理对杜鹃花自交种子萌发时间、发芽率等指标的影响。结果表明,蒸馏水浸种处理以24 h浸种的效果最佳,发芽率达43%;无菌播种结合2.0 mg·L^-1 GA₃+0.05 mg·L^-1 NAA处理的效果最佳,发芽率达75%;GA₃浸种以1 600 mg·L^-1 GA₃处理24 h的效果最佳,发芽率可达82%,是对照组的1.82倍。以GA₃浸种法处理杜鹃花2个杂交组合的杂交种子,发现其各项发芽指标均优于对照,其中29号杂交种子的最适GA₃处理为1 200 mg·L^-1浸种24 h,发芽率达96%;59号杂交种子最适GA₃处理为1 600 mg·L^-1浸种24 h,发芽率可达95%,二者发芽率分别比对照提高20%和71%,萌发时间分别提早2和8 d。因此,适宜浓度尤其是高浓度GA₃浸种处理能有效促进杜鹃花自交和杂交种子的萌发。     

农林废弃物基质对杜鹃红山茶苗期生长的影响

以椰糠 (Cocos nucifera)、水稻 (Oryza sativa) 秸杆、玉米（Zea mays）秸杆等为原料,按 照不同体积比配制成 19 种混配基质,并以黄心土为对照,对各基质的理化性质及基质中杜鹃红山茶 （Camellia azalea）苗的生长状况进行研究,运用生长量多重比较和 pearson 相关性分析等方法对不同基质 的育苗效果进行综合评价。结果表明：杜鹃红山茶经过 9 个月不同基质处理栽培,20 种栽培基质的容重、 总孔隙度分别为 0.548~0.972 g·cm-3、49.02%~67.06%,pH 为 4.18~7.61,各基质的有机质含量、全 N 含量 和有效 P 含量分别为 6.32~57.2 g·kg-1、0.322~2.760 g·kg-1、33.1~129.0 mg·kg-1;不同农林废弃物基质对杜 鹃红山茶苗高、冠幅和叶绿素相对含量（SPAD 值）生长量存在显著影响;苗高和冠幅与容重、全 N 含 量、有效 P 含量、EC、CEC 等呈正相关,与总孔隙度、pH、有机质、速效 K 等呈负相关,杜鹃红山茶 苗期适合在土壤容重较大,总孔隙度和 pH 较小,有机质含量较低,全 N 含量、有效 P 含量、EC、CEC 较高的土壤基质中生长。综合评价结果显示：处理 M11（黄心土∶菇渣的比例为 3 ∶ 2）和 M07( 黄心 土∶珍珠岩的比例为 3 ∶ 2) 的综合生长值分别比对照大 11.83% 以上,容重分别比对照小 25.13% 以上, 建议 2 种基质为杜鹃红山茶育苗的首选基质。     

杜鹃红山茶花粉保存及其生活力测定

以5 a生盆栽杜鹃红山茶嫁接苗的花粉为试材,研究了不同培养基配方、不同培养时间对花粉发芽的作用,并探讨了不同保存条件和保存时间下花粉生活力的差异。结果表明：杜鹃红山茶花粉发芽率呈抛物线型,在2.5%琼脂＋10%蔗糖的培养基上发芽率最高,8 h的培养时间为杜鹃红山茶花粉发芽的最适观测时间,4℃和-20℃保存都是适合杜鹃红山茶花粉长期保存的条件,但4℃保存更具有实践意义。     

Influence of Nitrate:Ammonium Ratios on Growth and Elemental Concentration in Two Azalea Cultivars

Abstract

Rooted cuttings of Rhododendron canescens “Brook” and Rhododendron austrinum were grown in sand culture with a modified Hoagland's solution under greenhouse conditions. The effect of varying ammonium:nitrate (NO₃ ^?:NH₄ ⁺) ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) on growth, chlorophyll content, plant quality, and elemental tissue concentration were determined. With NO₃ ^? as the nitrogen (N) form, both azalea cultivars exhibited less vegetative growth, lower overall plant quality, with leaves showing visual chlorotic symptoms in comparison to plants receiving NH₄ ⁺ as the N‐form. Leachate pH was highest with NO₃ ^? as the predominate N‐form and decreased significantly with each increment of NH₄ ⁺. With both azalea cultivars, N‐form significantly influenced uptake and utilization of essential plant nutrients. Leaf concentrations of N, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo) were highest with NO₃ ^?‐N. Leaf elemental concentrations of phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) increased as NH₄ ⁺ supplied more of the N‐ratio. Significant differences in Mg, Mn, and Zn were observed between species. Results from this study show that foliar N concentration is not an accurate indicator of plant growth response. Further investigations are needed to determine if foliarchlorosis and low growth rates observed with NO₃ ^? fed plants due to an Fe deficiency, to low nitrate reductase (NR) activity in the leaves, or to a combination of these factors.     

Inheritance of Corolla Size, Number of Stamens and Percentage of Plants with Petaloid Stamens in Evergreen Azaleas (Rhododendron Subsect. obtusa)

Research has been carried out on the inheritance of corolla size, number of stamens and percentage of plants with petaloid stamens (double flower) in evergreen azaleas (Rhododendron Subsect. obtusa). For this purpose two incomplete diallel crosses were used. The first one included seven species and one cultivar and the second diallel 13 cultivars. In both diallels for all three characters the GCA mean squares were high. Also, the positive correlation between the parental values and the GCA estimates for flower size and number of stamens indicates that the expression of these characters is mainly determined by additive gene action. A negative correlation was found between GCA estimates for die n number of stamens and the percentage of plants with petaloid stamens. When breeding azaleas with large double flowers, parents can be directly selected on the basis of these characters since additive genetic variance dominates. As no genetic correlations were found between corolla size and number of stamens (percentage of plants with petaloid stamens) the breeding will not be hampered by unfavourable linkage of genes for these characters.     

测定杜鹃花花粉萌发力的液体培养基和贮藏方法研究

以满山红、映山红、马银花、锦绣杜鹃的新鲜花粉为试料,研究了适宜杜鹃花花粉萌发的液体培养基、贮藏温度以及花粉的采摘贮藏方式。试验结果表明,适宜的测定杜鹃花花粉萌发力的培养液为:100g/L蔗糖+20mg/L H3BO3+20mg/L CaCl2,适宜花粉萌发的温度为25°C,8h花粉管开始萌发,16h萌发基本结束。满山红、映山红、马银花和锦绣杜鹃4种杜鹃花的花粉萌发力依次为:88.76%,74.32%,70.47%和82.62%。适宜杜鹃花的贮藏温度依次为:-20°C>4°C>室温,花粉生命力大于5%可用作父本的时间依次为:32d,24d,6d。适宜的保存花粉方式为仅去掉花瓣后的花朵,在4°C条件下,可保持杜鹃花花粉萌发力大于5%的时间达40d。