Relative importance of different types of inoculum to the establishment of Mycosphaerella graminicola in wheat crops in north‐west Europe

The contribution of wheat debris to the early stages of septoria leaf blotch epidemics was assessed in a 3‐year field experiment. First lesions were detected very early (December) in the case of an early sowing (mid‐October), showing that the first contamination could occur as soon as the seedlings emerge. The tested debris management options (chopped debris, removal of debris followed by tillage, or tillage in absence of debris) had a strong effect, although transient, on the epidemic dynamic: the more debris present on the soil surface, the more severe initial disease was. The magnitude of differences between treatments differed substantially between years. The relative production of pycnidiospores and ascospores was measured on the chopped debris. Peaks in pycnidiospore and ascospore production coincided in October–November. Both types of spores can be involved as primary inoculum in north‐west European conditions. The local amount of pycnidiospores available on debris in the field, estimated per square metre, was 1000‐fold the local ascospore production. Moreover, inoculum production was quantified on debris exposed to different environmental conditions. Autumnal conditions, characterized by moderate temperature with alternating wet and dry periods, were favourable for the production of both pycnidiospores and ascospores, as shown by the high inoculum production on debris exposed to field or outdoor conditions. By late autumn, the canopy became the most important source of pycnidiospores, and this period, characterized by the decreasing role of debris as a local source of inoculum compared to distant potential sources, can be considered as the end of the early epidemic stages.     

台湾线虫草单次生子囊孢子菌株交配型基因的初步研究

首次对台湾线虫草无性型—黄山被毛孢菌株的交配型基因进行了较为系统的研究.采用稀释涂布平板法和显微定位法获得台湾线虫草的单次生子囊孢子,并对单次生子囊孢子菌株的交配型基因进行PCR扩增和子实体人工诱导实验.结果表明,在34株单次生子囊孢子菌株中,14个菌株含有MAT1-1基因,4个菌株含有MAT1-2基因,其余16个菌株同时含有MAT1-1和MAT1-2基因;人工诱导子实体的结果显示,含有2种交配型基因的菌株可以生长出更多的子实体.提示台湾线虫草的交配类型可能为同宗配合.     

Direct quantitative real‐time PCR assay for detection of the emerging pathogen Neonectria neomacrospora

The epidemic outbreak in northern Europe of Neonectria neomacrospora, the causal agent of dieback in Abies spp., led the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) to include the pathogen on its alert list in 2017. Effective monitoring of this pathogen calls for a rapid and sensitive method of identification and quantification. A probe‐based real‐time PCR (qPCR) assay based on the β‐tubulin gene was developed for the detection and quantification of N. neomacrospora in infected wood samples, and directly for ascospores. This study presents the first published species–specific molecular detection assay for N. neomacrospora. The analytical specificity was validated on taxonomically closely related fungal species as well as on 18 fungal species associated with the host (Abies sp.). The analytical sensitivity was tested on naturally infected wood, on purified pathogen DNA in a matrix of host DNA and on N. neomacrospora ascospores for detection of airborne inoculum. The latter was tested both with a DNA extraction step prior to qPCR and without DNA extraction by direct qPCR on collected ascospores. The assay was specific to N. neomacrospora, with a sensitivity of 130 fg purified DNA, or 10 ascospores by direct qPCR. Omitting DNA extraction and amplifying directly on unpurified ascospores improved assay sensitivity significantly.     

Comparative pathogenicity of sexual and asexual spores of Zymoseptoria tritici (septoria tritici blotch) on wheat leaves

Zymoseptoria tritici ascospores and pycnidiospores are considered the main forms of primary and secondary inoculum, respectively, in septoria tritici blotch epidemics. The pathogenicity of the two types of spores of the same genotypic origin were compared through a two‐stage inoculation procedure in controlled conditions. Adult wheat leaves were inoculated with ascospores collected from field sources, yielding 119 lesions; pycnidiospores collected from 12 lesions resulting from these ascospore infections were then used for inoculation. Lesion development was assessed for 5 weeks; latent period, lesion size, and pycnidium density were estimated for different isolates. The latent period was calculated as the maximum likely time elapsed between inoculation and either the appearance of the majority of the sporulating lesions (leaf scale) or the appearance of the first pycnidia (lesion scale). The latent period was significantly longer (c. 60 degree‐days, i.e. 3–4 days) after infection with ascospores than with pycnidiospores. No difference was established for lesion size and density of pycnidia. A comparison with other ascomycete fungi suggested that the difference in latent period might be related to the volume of spores and their ability to cause infection. Fungal growth before the appearance of lesions may be slower after inoculation with an ascospore than with a pycnidiospore. The mean latent period during the very beginning of epidemics, when first lesions are mainly caused by ascospores, may be longer than during spring, when secondary infections are caused by pycnidiospores. Disease models would be improved if these differences were considered.     

不同分离方法获得的冬虫夏草无性型菌株的交配型 基因MAT1-2-1的初步分析

对采用不同分离方法获得的40个冬虫夏草（Ophiocordyceps sinensis）无性型菌株进行交配型基因MAT1-2-1的PCR特异扩增,并随机取其中7个拼接好的MAT1-2-1的碱基序列,与4个来自GenBank 数据在内的共11个样品构建了系统发育树。结果表明,采自青海的7个供试菌株,连同GenBank中来自青海的菌株（FJ654176）共同组成了一大类群,而GenBank中其他地区的菌株则聚成另外的类群;随机分离得到的10个单子囊孢子菌株全部含有MAT1-2-1基因, MAT1-1: MAT1-2未见按4:4进行分离,提示冬虫夏草极有可能是同宗配型。     

热带假丝酵母产生子囊孢子的条件及单倍体分离的研究

本文研究了诱导热带假丝酵母子囊孢子产生和子囊破壁的条件,以及单倍体分离和鉴别方法。结果表明：NaAc、KCl这两种成分即可满足热带假丝酵母的产孢营养要求,在含有NaAc8．2gm、KCl1．8gm的琼脂培养基中,28℃培养7d,热带假丝酵母细胞的产孢率可达到47．5％;单纯使用蜗牛酶对破除热带假丝酵母子囊壁的效率甚低,酶解液加入适量的石英砂同时振荡处理4h左右,可以显著提高对热带假丝酵母子囊破壁速率。用这种方法处理,绝大多数子囊壁均可破除。子囊破壁处理后再以52℃处理10min杀死残余的营养体细胞,分离物的单倍体孢子比例可由灭活处理前的48％,提高到76％以上。     

梨果生刺盘孢子囊孢子单孢菌系的生物学特性及致病性研究

 梨果生刺盘孢的2种致病型菌株FJ-85(产生黑点症状)和菌株FJ-11-2(产生坏死斑症状)的子囊孢子单孢培养均可产生正、负2种类型的单孢菌系。正型单孢菌系菌落浅白色,其上形成的子囊孢子再培养,可形成正、负2种类型的单孢菌系;负型单孢菌系菌落深灰色,其上形成的子囊孢子再培养,只形成负型一种单孢菌系。2个菌株的单孢菌系中,负型的比例明显多于正型。2种类型的单孢菌系对峙培养,在菌落内及菌落交界处均可形成子囊壳,而同种类型的单孢菌系对峙培养仅在菌落内产生子囊壳。结果表明同种类型的单孢菌系可同宗配合,而正、负2种类型的单孢菌系还可异宗配合。正型单孢菌系的致病力与原始菌株相近,而负型单孢菌系较原始菌株弱。2个菌株的单孢菌系在翠冠梨上引起的症状差异与其原始菌株相同。研究结果为解析梨果生刺盘孢的有性生殖与致病的关系提供了新的有用信息。     

假禾谷镰孢子囊壳的田间采集和子囊孢子后代室内杂交条件优化

假禾谷镰孢(Fusarium pseudograminearum,Fp)是我国黄淮麦区小麦茎基腐病(Fusarium crown rot of wheat)的优势病原菌,目前该病害呈不断蔓延和为害加重的趋势.本研究从五月中旬小麦灌浆期至玉米收获期,在河南开封和焦作田间调查采集小麦茎基腐病样,对13份小麦茎秆和小麦残茬上...     

向日葵菌核病的生物学特性研究

通过对向日葵菌核病的生物学特性研究认为，向日葵菌病是由核盘菌属侵染所致的病害。核盘菌菌丝生长的最适温度在２０￣２８℃，最适ＰＨ４￣７，最佳碳源、氮源分别为甘露糖及天门冬酰胺，菌丝生长对缺Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ最为敏感，菌丝在ＰＤＡ、ＰＳＡ等天然、半天然培养基上生长旺盛而均匀。菌核萌发形成了子囊盘需要适宜的温度、光照及湿度，紫外线照射能刺激菌核萌发。子囊孢子在２％葡萄糖溶液中更易萌发，孢子萌发以两端或一端萌发，