中国再生稻种植的影响因素及可持续性研究进展

再生稻作为一种特殊的水稻耕作模式，种一茬可收获两次，对增加粮食产量、保障国家粮食安全和提高稻田综合效益有重大意义。综述了中国再生稻的发展趋势，分析了再生稻种植的关键影响因子，阐释了再生稻高产栽培技术，提出在种好头季稻的前提下，适当高留桩，在头季稻齐穗后15 d施用尿素150 kg·hm^-2作为促芽肥，头季稻收割后3 d施用尿素150 kg·hm^-2作为发苗肥，同时配施磷钾肥，可在保证土壤养分平衡的基础上使再生稻获得高产，最后讨论了当前存在的问题及今后发展的方向，认为未来的研究需重点关注再生稻产业化、土壤养分管理、高产栽培技术、稻米品质、温室气体和水体质量，以促进再生稻的发展并为国内同行的研究提供参考与借鉴。     

Ⅱ优航1号再生稻高产栽培技术与效益分析

Ⅱ优航1号再生稻高产栽培技术试验和示范研究表明,选用II优航1号作再生稻种植,比作单季稻每公顷可增产2.73t,增效16%。提出II优航1号再生稻生产的高产栽培技术。     

再生稻产量形成的生理生态特性与关键栽培技术的研究与展望

本文介绍了目前我国再生稻的发展现状,从发育遗传和生理生态角度综述了近年来再生稻产量形成的研究进展,提出采用人工收割高留桩栽培再生稻时,选择头季分蘖力相对较弱、再生季再生力强的重穗型杂交籼稻品种(组合)易获高产;而采用机械化收割低留桩栽培再生稻时,选择具强低位芽再生力的杂交籼稻品种或感光性弱的重穗型杂交粳稻品种(组合)、籼粳交水稻品种(组合)易获高产。头季成熟期至再生季齐穗期根系活力的强弱,直接影响再生季产量的高低,再生季稻高产的前提是健壮的头季根系和一定数量新生根系的有效结合,这有利于促进腋芽的萌发成苗、增加每平方米穗数,是再生稻高产增产的关键。在此基础上,提出适时早播、畦栽沟灌、二次烤田、重施促芽肥、适高留桩的人工收割高留桩再生稻栽培技术,并从品种选择、再生季施肥、留桩高度等方面探讨了机械化收割低留桩蓄留再生稻的关键栽培技术及生理生态机制。最后提出了我国再生稻发展亟待解决的几个问题,认为当前轻简化的机收低留桩再生稻是我国再生稻发展的方向,并对机收低留桩再生稻的进一步研究作了展望。     

PCR detection of ratoon stunting disease pathogen and natural resistance analysis in sugarcane core germplasms

Exploring and utilizing resistant germplasm resources plays a pivotal role in breeding for disease resistance, while screening resistant germplasm is important for selecting and breeding varieties resistant to disease. In the present study, we used PCR to detect the ratoon stunting disease (RSD) bacterium Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx) in 137 sugarcane core germplasms from the National Nursery of Sugarcane Germplasm Resources (NNSGR, Kaiyuan, China) in 2009, 2010 and 2011. A total of 21 germplasms that tested negative for Lxx in 2009 and 2010 were selected for further Lxx detection after being subjected to artificial inoculation in 2011 and 2012. The 21 core germplasms that were negative for Lxx after natural infection and artificial inoculation can provide elite resistance source materials and reference frames for the effective breeding of RSD-resistant sugarcane varieties. Under natural conditions, 116 (84.67%) and 21 (15.33%) out of 137 germplasms were positive and negative for Lxx, respectively, as determined by PCR detection, which suggests that a relatively high ratio of sugarcane core germplasms was sensitive to RSD, while few were resistant to RSD. The sequencing and analysis of 30 randomly selected PCR products showed that all 30 sequences were identical or highly homologous to the corresponding Lxx genome region published in GenBank (99.54–100% similarity). Lxx can be detected effectively and precisely by PCR. We therefore recommend PCR as a rapid, low cost and simple procedure to score sugarcane core germplasms for RSD resistance.     

甘蔗宿根矮化病研究进展

对国内外甘蔗宿根矮化病的症状、病原菌、病原菌的检测、发病规律以及防治措施等研究进展进行综述,为我国研究甘蔗宿根矮化病提供参考。     

肥料运筹对再生季稻产量的影响

[目的]研究肥料运筹对再生季稻产量的影响.[方法]以准两优608为材料,研究“直播-再生”栽培模式下再生季稻的肥料运筹.[结果]再生季稻的氮肥用量为75 kg/hm2、促芽肥在头季稻齐穗后10 d施用最利于再生稻增产.[结论]该研究可为南昌市的直播-再生稻的高产栽培技术提供依据.     

Effects of twice harvesting on total dry matter yield of rice

We examined the effect of twice harvesting of forage rice with the first harvest at the full heading stage on total dry matter yield in the cultivars Taporuri, Mohretsu, and Hinohikari and in line Saikaishi 253 in southwestern Japan. Taporuri produced the highest total dry matter yield, with a value 60% higher than that of Hinohikari. The first crop of Taporuri had a longer duration of vegetative growth than those of Mohretsu and Hinohikari, and had the highest dry matter yield because of its greater weight per tiller than Hinohikari and its more tillers per square meter than Saikaishi 253, which had a similar duration of vegetative growth. The second crops of Mohretsu, Taporuri, and Saikaishi 253 had longer vegetative growth and higher dry matter yields than Hinohikari. Dry matter yields of both crops were closely related to the duration of vegetative growth and the weight per tiller, but not to tillers per square meter. These results suggest that cultivars with a long duration of vegetative growth, high weight per tiller, and adequate tillers per square meter can produce high dry matter yield in both crops. There was a significant interaction (P < 0.05) in total dry matter yield between cultivar or line and cultivation type. The total dry matter yield of Taporuri in twice harvesting was about 10% higher than that in once harvesting, whereas that of Hinohikari was about 10% lower. The suitability for twice harvesting ([total dry matter yield in twice harvesting]/[total dry matter yield in once harvesting]) was significantly positively correlated (r = 0.875) with the increase in dry weight before the full heading stage, but significantly negatively correlated (r = −0.903) with the increase in dry weight between full heading and the yellow ripe stage. Thus, cultivars with a high increase in dry weight before full heading appear to be more suitable for twice harvesting than those with a high increase between full heading and the yellow ripe stage. In addition, our study showed that twice harvesting can prevent lodging in Taporuri, thereby increasing the suitability of this cultivar as a forage rice. Our results suggest that twice harvesting can be performed in southwestern Japan and warmer regions.     

分蘖期不同基因型宿根甘蔗内源激素的测定

对9个甘蔗品种叶片进行生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸4种内源激素免疫测定。结果表明:不同的基因型具有不同的激素含量,品种间差异较大。其中,台糖134生长素含量最高,云蔗89/151的赤霉素和细胞分裂素含量最高,Co331的脱落酸含量最高;粤糖93159的生长素和脱落酸含量最低,桂11的赤霉素含量最低,云蔗71/388的细胞分裂素含量最低。     

再生稻根干物质量及根系活力与产量的相关性研究

对不同施N水平、不同品种再生稻根干物质量及根系活力与产量的相关性研究结果表明 ,再生稻头季稻产量与根系干物质量及根系活力密切相关 ;再生稻再生分蘖的生长发育依赖于头季稻残留的根系 ,再生季稻穗数及产量与头季稻成熟期和再生季稻齐穗期的根系机能呈极显著线性正相关 ,并与芽肥施用量呈抛物线形相关     

瓜类与宿根甘蔗套种对产量品质的效应

研究瓜类与宿根甘蔗不同的套作模式对瓜类、甘蔗产量品质的影响,为瓜类合理套作甘蔗提供科学依据。方法:以广西农科院蔬菜所育成的桂蜜2号薄皮甜瓜、丰成2号蜜本南瓜与桂糖21号宿根蔗进行套种,研究适合的瓜类与宿根甘蔗套种模式。结果:甘蔗行距为1.1m的常规行距套种甜瓜,甘蔗的产量最高,为5470.39kg/667m2,甘蔗蔗糖、锤度、重力纯度、蔗汁蔗糖分等甘蔗品质指标最优分别为11.84%、14.72、86.14%和14.15%,同时提高甜瓜的品质。甘蔗常规行距套种瓜类的产量品质比套种在宽窄行距的瓜类产量品质要高,套种在1.1m常规行距的南瓜和甜瓜比套种在宽窄行距的产量分别高13.10%、18.14%,可溶性固形物的含量分别高14.59%、19.24%,南瓜的维生素C含量高24.54%和1.08%,β—胡萝卜素含量则高7.5%。与新植蔗套种瓜类有相同的趋势。建议生产上采用1.1m的常规行距种植甘蔗与甜瓜套种。