3种生物有机肥对马铃薯生长发育和品质的影响

田间试验观察了3种生物有机肥对马铃薯产量和品质的影响。结果表明，马铃薯施用GSN一1配方生物有机肥折合产量最高，为39 961．9 kg／hm2，较不施生物有机肥增产7 885．7 kg／hm2，增产率24．58％；施用GsJ-1折合产量37 061．9 kg／hm2，较不施生物有机肥增产15．54％。施用生物有机肥后，块茎中维生素c、粗淀粉、粗蛋白含量分别提高1．8％-15.3％、1 1.3％-13．4％、4．9％～7.2％。     

Effect of thiacloprid against the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The effect of the chloronicotinyl insecticide (thiacloprid 480 SC) was evaluated to determine its potential in controlling the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella. Application of thiacloprid at various concentrations (0.1–0.4 ml/l) on different age groups of eggs (1–4.5 day-old) had no effect on egg hatchability. However, slight embryocidal effect was noted in all egg age groups exposed to 0.4 ml/l concentration. Egg incubation period was increased (20%) when 4–4.5 day-old eggs were treated with thiacloprid at a rate of 0.4 ml/l compared with the untreated control. Thiacloprid was effective in reducing larval survival on potato seedlings or adults emergence from potatoes, exhibiting activity for at least 14 days after application. When already infected potato seedlings or tubers were treated with thiacloprid at a rate of 0.4 ml/l, adult emergence was decreased. Larvae that hatched from thiacloprid-treated eggs and fed, untreated tubers, encountered some difficulties in surviving and emerging as adults. Our data suggest that potato plants or tubers treated with thiacloprid at a commonly used rate (0.4 ml/l) should be well protected from the possibility of infestations by the potato tuber moth. Publication of this article was held up owing to technical problems. The publisher apologizes sincerely for this lengthy delay.     

Conservation tillage systems, fungal complexes and disease development in soybean and barley rhizospheres in Prince Edward Island

A potential for reduced soil macroporosity (below 12% soil volume) under direct drilling, with a concomitant increase in soil relative saturation, is associated with an increase in crown and root rots in Prince Edward Island field crops. Four long-term tillage systems (moldboard plowing, paraplowing-direct drilling, rotary cultivation and direct drilling) were compared in relation to the pathogenic fungal complexes formed in a two crop rotation in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) over a 3 year period in a cool humid region of eastern Canada. The principal phytopathogenic fungal complex of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. and F. oxysporum Schl. remained constant over the treatments. Tillage practice did not affect the number of colony forming units of R. solani in the rhizosphere. The recovery of R. solani from root tissues tended to be lower following conservation tillage and was attributed to antagonism associated with elevated numbers of saprophytic trash microflora concentrated at the soil surface. Disease levels in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlet bioassays were not influenced significantly by soil source or tillage regime. However, plantlet growth tended to be depressed following transplantation into soil from soybean plots in 1993. Under optimum soil physical conditions conservation tillage did not appear to influence disease levels in barley and soybean rotations.     

宁夏马铃薯适宜播种期预测研究

利用宁夏中南部8县(区)国家站逐日气温、降水气象数据,历年马铃薯单产量、马铃薯发育期、土壤相对湿度数据。应用正态分布检验得到宁夏马铃薯主产区适宜播种期土壤相对湿度指标在53.5%～71.2%之间;应用有效积温及Logistic模型方法得到多年全生育期有效积温1 790℃·d,利用反推方法,得到4月1日开始的效积温与1 790℃·d的差值,在1 300～1 600℃·d、1 100～1 300℃·d分别作为马铃薯最适宜播种期,最迟播种积温指标;通过历史数据和2021～2022年预测检验,预报效果较好;在80%气候保证率下,利用该模型,科学预测马铃薯适宜播种期,保证较高出苗率,能有效增加产量,提高商品薯率。     

Frying Stability of Moringa stenopetala Seed Oil

The frying performance of Moringa stenopetala seed oil (extracted with cold press or n-hexane) was studied especially as regards repeated frying operations. The oils were used for intermittent frying of potato slices and cod filets at a temperature of 175 °C for 5 consecutive days (5 fryings per day). The chemical changes occurring in oils were evaluated. Free fatty acid content, polar compounds, colour and viscosity of the oils all increased, whereas the iodine value, smoke point, polyunsaturated fatty acid content, induction period and tocopherol content decreased. The effect of the oil on the organoleptic quality of these fried foods and the theoretical number of frying operations possible before having to discard the oil was also determined. The analytical and sensory data showed that the lowest deterioration occurred in cold press produced oil.     

山旱区全膜覆盖种植马铃薯施肥现状分析及建议

利用全膜覆盖垄作技术在高原山旱地种植马铃薯,取得了显著的蓄水、保墒、增温以及增产效果,是山旱区农业增效和农民增收的一项重要措施。本文结合全膜覆盖种植马铃薯在施肥技术方面存在的问题,结合生产实际提出了以调控氮肥为主和使用缓释氮肥配合磷、钾肥播前一次性施入,达到补充后期氮素的需要,以获得高产高效的目标。     

马铃薯闽薯1号茎尖脱毒与快速繁殖初探

为了提高马铃薯闽薯1号的种薯质量以满足市场的需求,开展马铃薯闽薯1号脱毒实验研究。筛选出外殖体表面灭菌氯化汞体积浓度为0.1%消毒时间为8min的消毒效果好,外殖体成活率达95.2%。剥取闽薯1号茎尖,在MS+6-BA 1.00mg.L－1+NAA 0.1 mg.L－1培养基中培养30 d,形成闽薯1号试管苗。试管苗进行高温37.5℃培养21d让部份病毒钝化死亡,将经钝化过处理过的闽薯1号试管苗剥取大小1mm茎尖进行培养,经检测不带病毒,对脱毒苗进行快速繁殖。 脱毒苗快繁的较佳培养基配方为：MS+6-BA 0.10 mg.L－1+NAA 0.10 mg.L－1。     

马铃薯晚疫病综合防治技术

马铃薯已成为目前世界第四大粮食作物，马铃薯晚疫病是发生最频繁，危害最严重的马铃薯病害。是严重影响马铃薯产量、品质和产业化发展的世界性病害。通过对晚疫病发生发展规律和发病条件等研究，提出了农业、化学和生物综合防治方法。     

中心组合设计法优化马铃薯薯渣固态发酵工艺

为优化马铃薯薯渣固态发酵工艺,选择发酵温度、湿度和发酵时间为自变量,产品粗蛋白含量为因变量,采用中心组合设计的方法,研究各自变量及其交互作用对产品粗蛋白含量的影响。利用SAS6.0和响应面分析相结合的方法,模拟得到二次多项式回归方程的预测模型,并确定最佳发酵条件为:温度29.63℃,湿度73.86%,发酵时间54h。     

Impact and Interaction of Nitrogen and Phytophthora infestans as Yield-limiting and Yield-reducing Factors in Organic Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Crops

For organic potato producers, the two main challenges are disease and nutrient management. Both are limited by regulations that on the one hand prohibit the use of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen, and on the other hand prohibit most synthetic pesticides. Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is commonly thought to be the most yield-reducing factor. However, because there is no really effective fungicide available to control late blight, there are virtually no yield loss data available for organic farming conditions. In this paper, the state of the art of organic potato tuber growth under on-farm conditions with respect to disease and nutrient management is summarized by field trials and on-farm surveys on commercial organic crops carried out in the years 1995–1998. Soil nitrogen (N) levels, plant N uptake, disease development of P. infestans and potato yield were measured. Results indicated that N availability was most important in limiting yields in organic potato crops. From on-farm data, a model including disease development, growth duration of the crops until foliage decay and different parameters related to N status of the crop could explain 73% of the observed variation in yield. Only 25% of this variation in yield could be attributed to the influence of late blight. Differences in N availability explained 48%. In conclusion, several points emerged from the results. In organic farming, yields are mainly limited by nutrient availability in spring and early summer. The effects of late blight on yields may often be overestimated and cannot be deduced from results in conventional farming because of the strong interaction with nutrient status. Depending on N availability, tubers stop growing between mid-July (70–90 kg N ha⁻¹ uptake), the end of July (110–140 kg N ha⁻¹ uptake) and mid-August (140–180 kg N ha⁻¹ uptake) due to N limitations. The higher the N status of a potato crop, the longer the growing period needed to achieve the attainable yield and the higher the probability that late blight stops further tuber growth and becomes the key tuber-yield-limiting factor. In the second part of this paper, the interactive effects of soil N availability and the impact of P. infestans on yield in the presence and absence of fungicides from 1996 to 1998 for mid-early main crops are reported. An empirical schematic model of disease impact depending on N availability was developed.