载体催化剂上环氧菜籽油的制备

[目的]讨论在载体试剂催化下生成环氧菜籽油增塑剂的反应条件。[方法]通过正交试验,确定最佳反应条件。[结果]最佳条件为：载体催化剂用量为菜籽油用量的6％,双氧水用量为菜籽油用量的60％,温度控制在60～70℃,时间7h。[结论]该方法反应条件温和,环氧值大小和产率较好。     

酞酸酯类增塑剂对土壤─作物系统的影响

本研究揭示了酞酸酯类增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（ＤＢＰ）和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯（ＤＥＨＰ）在土壤中的持留动态,降解动力学特征及其对作物生长的影响。结果表明：试验温度越低,ＤＢＰ,ＤＥＨＰ的持留性越强;ＤＥＨＰ在土壤中的持留性受温度的影响程度比ＤＢＰ更为突出。随土壤水份含量增加,代停工物持留性降低,二者在土壤中的降解可用一级反应动力学方程Ｃ＝Ｃ０ｅ＾－ｋｔ进行描述（Ｃ０初始浓度,Ｋ速度常数,ｔ时间）。ＤＥ     

环氧胶／天然胶共混物中塑化剂的研究

在ＥＮＲ／ＮＲ共混物中，塑化剂ＴＢＥＰ、Ｄｉｏｌｐａｔｅ７０１７的平衡分配系数Ｋｄ随硫化程度的变化而变化，填充炭黑的共混物的Ｋｄ值减少，塑化剂起到降低ＥＮＲ相Ｔｇ和平衡两组份粘度的作用；ＮＲ／ＥＮＲ共混物能获得较优的减震性能和其他力学性能。     

高效液相色谱法测定蔬菜中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯残留

用高效液相色谱法测定了蔬菜中的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯残留含量。实验色谱条件为色谱柱:ZOR-BAX SB-C18 4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm;温度:室温(25℃);检测器:紫外检测器;检测波长:224 nm;进样量:10μl;流速:1.0 ml/min。检测方法在2～50μg/ml呈线性,最低检出限(3/n)0.025μg/ml,相关系数0.9991。蔬菜中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯含量0.45～7.70 mg/kg。实验表明邻苯二甲酸二丁酯在所检测的蔬菜中均有残留,可能与种植土壤污染有关。     

增塑剂对细菌纳米纤维素-壳聚糖复合膜性能的影响

采用浇铸法制备细菌纳米纤维素-壳聚糖复合膜,分析甘油、聚乙二醇、乙酰柠檬酸丁酯3种增塑剂对细菌纳米纤维素-壳聚糖复合膜透光性、水蒸气透过率、力学性能的影响,并应用扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪对复合膜的形貌和结构进行表征。结果表明:细菌纳米纤维素与壳聚糖具有良好的相容性,细菌纳米纤维素-壳聚糖复合膜透明度高,且对紫外光有屏蔽作用;3种增塑剂均可通过削弱细菌纳米纤维素与壳聚糖分子间的氢键、改变复合膜的结晶结构达到增塑效果。3种增塑剂均可降低复合膜的水蒸气透过率,提高复合膜的保湿性能,但其质量分数对该性能影响较小。3种增塑剂均提高了细菌纳米纤维素-壳聚糖复合膜的塑性,增塑效果由强到弱依次为甘油、聚乙二醇、乙酰柠檬酸丁酯。添加质量分数为5%的甘油作为增塑剂时,复合膜具有较优的综合性能,水蒸气透过率为1616.87 g·m-2·d-1、拉伸强度为113.18 MPa、断裂伸长率为24.48%。     

Recycling of sewage sludge and household compost to arable land: fate and effects of organic contaminants, and impact on soil fertility

Effective use of organic wastes for agricultural production requires that risks and benefits be documented. Two types of sewage sludge, household compost and solid pig manure were studied under field and greenhouse conditions to describe their fertilizer value and effects on soil properties and soil biota, the fate of selected organic contaminants, and their potential for plant uptake. A 3-year field trial on two soil types showed no adverse effects of waste amendment on crop growth, and a significant fertilizer value of one sludge type. Accumulation of N and P_i was indicated, as well as some stimulation of biological activity and micro-arthropod populations, but these effects differed between soil types. There was no detectable accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), nonylphenol and ethoxylates (NP+NPE) or linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) after three repeated waste applications, and no plant uptake was suggested by analysis of the third crop. A plot experiment with banded sludge was conducted to examine sludge turnover and toxicity in detail. Less than 5% of NP or LAS applied in organic wastes was recovered after 6 months, and less than 6% of DEHP applied was recovered after 12 months. Potential ammonium oxidation (PAO) at 0–1 cm distance from the banded sludge was stimulated despite toxic concentrations in the sludge, which suggested that contaminants were degraded inside sludge particles. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles suggested a gradual shift in the composition of the microbial community within sludge, partly due to a depletion of degradable substrates. A pot experiment with sludge-amended soil and soil spiked with contaminants showed no plant uptake of NP, DEHP or LAS. Degradation of LAS and NP added in sludge was delayed and the degradation of DEHP was faster than when the contaminants were added directly to the soil. In conclusion, adverse effects of organic waste application on soil or crop were not found in this study, and for some waste products positive effects were observed.     

脂溶性溶剂对碗膜中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂溶出量的测定

应用高效液相色谱法同时测定塑料包装材料中3种邻苯二甲酸酯类DEP(邻苯二甲酸二乙酯)、DBP(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯)、DOP(邻苯二甲酸二辛脂)向脂溶性溶剂中迁移情况的方法。样品先经过脂溶性溶剂(牛奶、植物油、异辛烷)的浸泡,再经过不同步骤的处理后,以甲醇和水为流动相1ml/min的流速下,采用SB-C18柱,高效液相色谱分析测定。结果表明,该方法回收率为80.O%～108.O%,相对标准偏差小于7.18。该方法灵敏度高、定量准确、重现性好。     

环氧接骨木果油增塑剂的合成

用接骨木油为原料，分别以硫酸和离子交换树脂为催化剂，在无溶剂条件下，采用醋酸－过氧化氢一步合成法制备环氧接骨木果油增塑剂，得到粘稠，乳白色，高环氧值的产品，由此开发了环氧类增塑剂的新品种，也开辟了新的增塑剂原料来源。     

热加工过程淀粉基膜材结构变化和增塑剂迁移研究

[目的]研究不同加热方式下,淀粉基膜材的结构变化和增塑剂迁移情况,为新型淀粉基膜材在食品包装中的应用提供参考。[方法]以蒸馏水体系为热加工介质,采用沸水加热和微波加热,对淀粉基膜材进行热加工处理并分析加热过程中膜材表层增塑剂迁移、总迁移及膜材基体质量和结构变化。[结果]沸水加热和微波加热均加剧了淀粉基膜材表面增塑剂的迁移,淀粉高分子片段溶出,膜材内部产生高分子聚集,促使膜材总体迁移增大;当增塑剂含量较低时,2种热加工处理后的膜材断面形成了更加明显的孔洞结构。另外,相比于沸水加热,微波加热较高的瞬时功率促使膜材表层增塑剂迁移、总迁移程度更大。[结论]不同的热传递模式导致淀粉基膜材结构变化与分子迁移存在差异。