Molecular systematics in Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura

An attempt was made to understand the molecular systematics and genetic differences between 10 original chrysanthemum cultivars and 11 mutants. The similarity among the cultivars and mutants varied from 0.17 to 0.90 using RAPD analyses, a simple but efficient method to distinguish cultivars and to assess parentage. Two distinct groups were found. Two cultivars were present as a separate group showing differences from all other cultivars. Mutants with different flower colour could be identified at the molecular level using RAPD technique holding promise to identify unique genes as SCAR markers. A high genetic distance among the different chrysanthemums showed that there exists a possibility of introgressing new and novel genes from the chrysanthemum gene pool.     

狗牙根品种及辐射诱变M1代变异植株的过氧化物同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对辐射诱变M1代变异植株及其对照、‘Tifway’和‘Tifgreen’共18个狗牙根材料的过氧化物同工酶进行了分析。结果表明：供试材料共出现了97条酶带，单个材料最多为8条，最少只有2条；材料HN009和HN010、HN012和HN013的POD酶带特征完全相同；HN015和HN016的P013酶带在P8位点上有强弱不同，HN004和HN018的POD酶带在P5和P6位点上有强弱不同，它们的酶带数和位点均相同；其它各材料之间酶带总数不同，在各个区域分布的位点及酶谱特征明显不同。除HN010和其对照HN009的酶谱特征相同外，其它形态变异植株和其对照之间的酶谱特征均存在明显差异。     

Induction and assessment of morpho-biochemical mutants in Artemisia pallens Bess.

Artemisia pallens Bess. is a low volume and high value essential oil plant used in perfumery, cosmetic and flavouring industries. On account of the failure of conventional procedures to induce variability in species, mutation techniques have been tried in our experiments. Dry and viable seeds (moisture content 8%) of homozygous pure breeding lines were subjected to 150–500 Gy doses of gamma rays and 0.01–0.1% ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) for 8 h. Desirable qualitative mutants were recovered from segregating M₂ generation (4,283 plants scored) raised as single plant progenies. The spectrum of morphological mutants included late and early flowering types; bushy and high yielding types; tall and more capitula-producing types and high oil and high davanone yielding types. These were raised through M₃ families to evaluate stability and transmission of mutant characters. As such out of 15 different types selected in M₂, only 11 types bred true to their characteristic variability. Based on their performance, the mutants were characterised depending upon their distinguishing features. Davanone, the main component of oil showed the maximum increase (64.22% against 54.64% in control) in mutant ‘S–5’ recovered from exposure with 250 Gy γ-rays. Mutant ‘E-6’ was economically most viable having increased oil biosynthesis (0.36% against 0.22% in control) and hence yields higher oil per unit area than the parental control (isolated from 0.05% EMS treatment).     

EMS诱变谷子‘长农35号’突变体成熟期株型的鉴定与分析

[目的]建立谷子突变体库,以便在谷子分子生物学研究中应用。[方法]以生产上主要推广种植的谷子品种‘长农35号’干种子为实验材料,采用0.8%和1.0%甲磺酸乙酯（EMS）进行了诱变处理,并对所得突变体成熟期株型的7个表型形状进行考察,并据此对突变体进行分类。[结果]试验共收获株型相关的M1代突变体材料共282份,其中,0.8%EMS诱变‘长农35号’获得株型突变体材料100个单株,可分为10个组;1.0%EMS诱变‘长农35号’获得株型突变体材料182个单株,可分为17个组。M1代成熟期株型相关性状突变体分析结果表明：1.0%EMS处理‘长农35号’所获突变体,在株高、穗下节粗、穗下第一节间粗和茎节数4个性状与对照有显著差异,而0.8%处理与对照差异不显著。[结论]对于‘长农35号’来讲,采用1.0%EMS进行诱变处理更有利于多类型大量突变单株的获得。     

理化诱变小豆京农6号突变体的鉴定

选用小豆品种京农6号种子,分别采用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)(0.5%、0.9%和1.4%处理12h和24h)、电子束(100、300、600Gy)、60Co-γ(400Gy)诱变处理,将处理后的种子种于大田,鉴定后代植株性状的变异。观察表明,EMS诱变的变异类型最丰富、60Co-γ射线次之、电子束产生的变异类型较单一。EMS处理小豆以浓度0.5%和0.9%处理24h为宜;0.5%EMS处理的粒色和荚色变异突出,有鲜红、黄白、绿白粒色和黑荚、褐荚、黑褐荚变异;0.9%处理的叶形变异突出,有鸡爪叶、剑叶、肾形叶、小密叶等突变类型;电子束诱变后,M2变异率分别为4.09%、3.64%和2.22%。400Gy60Co-γ射线处理种子,后代变异率为7.23%。通过两年的鉴定筛选,获得937个EMS诱变M3代株系,934个60Co-γ射线和电子束诱变M2代株系,已得到株高、叶形、叶色、粒形、粒色、荚色、无分枝、多分枝、叶簇生、分枝簇生、光叶、蔓生、有限结荚习性、株型松散、育性、成熟特性等突变体材料1490份。本研究为小豆基因遗传分析、基因定位与克隆及其进一步的基因功能分析奠定了基础,为小豆育种提供了重要的材料。     

小麦近缘野生种抗除草剂Dalapon变异体的筛选

为了发掘小麦近缘野生种抗除草剂资源,用在培养基中添加除草剂的方法对几个小麦近缘野生种细胞系进行了变异体筛选。结果表明,从黑麦草T ove中筛选到了抗4.32 mm ol.L-1D alapon的愈伤组织,该浓度下愈伤组织存活率为0.56%;从长穗偃麦草R 123中筛选到了抗2.88 mm ol.L-1D alapon的愈伤组织,存活率为0.59%;从黑麦草N apoleon和卵穗山羊草Y 100中均筛选到了抗1.44 mm ol.L-1D alapon的愈伤组织,存活率分别为0.49%和0.56%;方穗山羊草A e42的抗性水平最低,为0.72 mm ol.L-1,愈伤组织存活率为0.33%。对存活愈伤组织进行细胞水平上的鉴定表明,其仍然保持对D alapon的抗耐性;从不同浓度D alapon下筛选到的存活愈伤组织均得到了有抗性的再生植株。在种子水平上对纤毛鹅观草进行筛选,得到了0.195%的抗性植株。     

耐低温螺旋藻新品系的诱变选育

[目的]筛选具有一定耐低温特性的螺旋藻新藻种。[方法]利用超声波处理钝顶螺旋藻,获得单细胞藻丝,用UV照射单细胞悬液,通过生长曲线测定,选出耐低温的突变藻株ZW1和ZW2,比较出发藻株和突变藻株的形态和生理生化特征。[结果]突变藻株的藻丝体变长,螺距加大,螺旋数目略有增加,最适生长温度低于出发藻株,而且在4℃低温处理6 h后,仍具有较高的放氧活性;ZW1藻体的蛋白质含量增幅为11.8%,ZW2的蛋白质和多糖含量的增幅分别为26.0%、28.6%。[结论]突变藻株ZW1、ZW2是耐低温藻种。     

高能混合粒子场辐照小麦的突变效应分析

 【目的】分析高能混合粒子场（CR）辐照冬小麦所产生的突变效应,并与60Co-γ射线处理相比较,研究其诱变效率。【方法】以0、145、195、284和560 Gy剂量的CR和γ射线分别处理两个冬小麦品种ZY9和ZH7,室内发芽鉴定处理当代的损伤效应,田间筛选表型变异突变体并做考种分析。【结果】高能混合粒子场与γ射线处理对这两个小麦品种的生长抑制均存在明显的剂量效应,并且高能混合粒子场处理的损伤效应明显高于γ射线,ZH7的辐射敏感性大于ZY9,处理小麦的适宜剂量在200～300 Gy之间。M2代群体中出现了包括株高、穗型、生育期等多种性状变异,在适宜或稍高剂量时可以引起明显高于γ射线处理的有益突变。CR诱变ZY9的总突变频率和有益突变频率分别为5.42%～11.68%和2.75%～7.29%,ZH7则分别达到10.35%～22.12%和6.62%～10.49%,均高于γ射线处理频率。【结论】高能混合粒子场处理小麦能够产生比γ射线更高的相对生物学效应,而且辐射敏感性较高的品种,经处理后其后代诱发有益突变的频率较高,获得优良变异的几率也相对较高。     

大豆低植酸育种研究进展

大豆种子中的磷主要以植酸的形式存在,它对人和单胃动物来说是一种抗营养因子;降低植酸的含量不仅可以提高大豆微量元素、蛋白质和磷素的生物有效性,而且可以减少磷素的污染和浪费。就不同大豆品种中植酸的含量、低植酸种质的创新,以及这些种质的遗传机制、农艺性状、营养品质和分子特性的研究给予了较为全面的综述。     

绿色荧光蛋白及其突变体的特征与应用

就GFP及其突变体的性质和GFP作为报告基因,在基因表达、蛋白质定位、蛋白质互作等方面的应用进行了综述。。