龙须菜细胞壁多糖对硼的吸附性能研究

为研究龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)细胞壁多糖对硼的吸附作用机制及官能团之间的交互作用,本试验分别采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP-OES)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)技术对其细胞壁多糖组分在吸附试验中进行硼的测定和表征。结果表明,细胞壁去琼胶后,硼吸附量减少50.13%,半纤维素去除后,硼吸附量减少21.20%,故可得纤维素吸附量占细胞壁总硼吸附量的28.67%。同时,通过细胞壁不同组分脱硼及硼胁迫后的红外光谱表征结果可知,龙须菜细胞壁及多糖在吸附硼的过程中,羟基、羧基、多糖碳链C-C为硼离子的主要结合位点,其中,琼胶、半纤维素中起主要作用的官能团为羟基、羧基,纤维素中起主要作用的官能团为多糖碳链C-C。本研究结果为进一步探究龙须菜多糖组分与硼的内在结合机制提供了基础依据。     

Effect of aging at different temperatures on LAOS properties and secondary protein structure of hard wheat flour dough

The effects of aging from t = 0–108 h at two different temperatures (4 and 25 °C) on the non-linear viscoelastic rheological properties and secondary protein structure of hard wheat flour dough (HWD) were investigated using large amplitude oscillatory shear tests (LAOS) coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and SDS-PAGE. Storage (G') and loss (G'') moduli rapidly decreased during aging at 25 °C. Subjecting HWD to progressively longer aging times at 25 °C caused dramatic changes in the non-linear viscoelastic properties demonstrated by strain softening (negative values of e₃/e₁) and shear thinning (negative values of v₃/v₁) behavior. Elastic Lissajous curves of the unaged control dough showed clockwise turn and wider elliptical trajectories as dough aging proceeds especially at higher temperatures. Other non-linear LAOS parameters (G'_M-G''_L, η'_M-η'_L, S and T) supported that aging process at higher temperature caused a progressive change in dough structure from strain stiffening to strain softening behavior while dough samples aged at 4 °C showed fairly close behavior with the control dough sample. FTIR spectra indicated that the relative content of β-sheet and β-turn structures decreased while the content of α-helix structure increased for all dough samples as a result of dough aging. SDS-PAGE results supported the breakdown of high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin subfractions. Aging at the higher temperature of 25 °C decreased the HMW/LMW ratio from 0.77 to 0.59, while the ratio was 0.73 for the dough aged at 4 °C which is fairly close to the control sample. Our results show that the degradation rate of gluten/starch network was triggered by aging at higher temperature, longer aging time, and natural fermentation which resulted in increasing acidity and increase in endogenous proteolytic and amylolytic activity, and also increasing gluten solubility and break down of intermolecular disulfide bonds at acid pH.     

不同形态硼对油菜幼苗铝毒的缓解效应及其FTIR特征分析

采用水培法,以油菜品种Cao 221167为试验材料,设置无机态硼酸(BA)和有机态山梨醇硼(SB)及不同Al~(3+)(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1))处理,研究不同形态硼(B)对油菜幼苗铝(Al)毒的缓解作用及不同形态B之间的缓解效应差异,以及利用FTIR(傅里叶红外光谱)技术分析叶片各物质含量的变化。结果表明,Al毒胁迫下,不同形态B(BA和SB)处理,显著提高植株生物量和根系长度(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1) Al毒胁迫下BA处理根长分别增加了52.15%、101.45%、366.70%和18.73%;SB处理分别增加了46.80%、133.98%、261.36%和10.77%),提高色素含量和SOD活性,而降低了Al含量、MDA含量和POD活性。不同形态B处理下,油菜幼苗在200μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下长势、生物量及色素含量最高。在500μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下,油菜幼苗株高、根长、总干鲜重及色素含量显著低于无Al处理;FTIR分析表明,Al毒胁迫下油菜叶片中蛋白质和低聚糖等含量明显上升,加硼明显降低了蛋白质和低聚糖的含量,且BA处理降低幅度明显高于SB处理。说明不同形态B(BA和SB)的添加均明显缓解Al毒,且BA对Al毒缓解效果优于SB,这为农业生产中施用何种硼肥来缓解Al毒起到一定的指导作用。     

利用红外光谱研究‘凤丹白’牡丹花瓣伸展过程中物质变化

为了明确花瓣的伸展机制,以‘凤丹白’牡丹(Paeonia ostii)为研究对象,借助傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy,FTIR)及高斯多峰拟合,分析蕾期、初开期和盛开期花瓣的波谱特征及蛋白质二级结构的差异性。主要结果如下:随着花朵开放花瓣伸展,777、1 105、1 155、1 243、1 447、1 651、1 740、2 853和2 926 cm~(-1)处的振动峰振动依次增强,表明磷脂质、核酸、脂类和蛋白质等代谢物质随花瓣的伸展逐渐增强;且蕾期1 030 cm~(-1)处的振动峰在花开后移至1 060 cm~(-1),表明蕾期花瓣细胞壁多糖以甘露聚糖为主,花朵开放后则以阿拉伯糖为主。蛋白质中甲基基团含量(A2 951 cm~(-1)/A 2 858 cm~(-1))出现平稳下降的趋势,初开期比蕾期减少7.97%,盛开期减少13.38%;糖蛋白的变化(A 1 083 cm~(-1)/A 1 547 cm~(-1))也呈现下降趋势,推测‘凤丹白’牡丹是通过蛋白质糖基化作用调控花瓣的伸展过程。对氨基Ⅰ区域(1 600~1 700 cm~(-1))高斯多峰拟合数据显示,各阶段花瓣中均含有果胶相连的β–折叠、β–折叠、无规卷曲、α–螺旋及环与转角;α–螺旋、β–折叠及无规卷曲所占比例在花瓣伸展过程中呈现增长趋势,表明蕾期花瓣通过降低α–螺旋应对缺水造成的生理胁迫,并可以利用ATP合成花瓣生长发育所需的物质;花瓣通过形成更多功能域较多的蛋白质,有效调控花瓣伸展时复杂的生物化学过程。     

Cross‐linked polyacrylates in post‐mining substrates: persistence and effects on plant growth

Application of hydrophilic polymers composed of cross‐linked polyacrylate can improve soil water‐holding capacity and accelerate the restoration of post‐mining substrates. In this work, we studied the persistence of a polyacrylate polymer incorporated into a soil and its impact on plant nutrients at a reclamation site of former lignite mining in Lusatia (Germany). In contrast to autumn application, the incorporation of the polymer enhanced the sequestration of plant‐derived carbon in the soil, which was reflected by a significant increase in the concentration of a lignin marker. Attenuated total reflexion–Fourier transform infrared spectra (ATR‐FTIR) and total elemental contents in the applied polymer suggested an intensive cation exchange between the polymer framework and the soil‐forming substrate. In addition, there was an enrichment of carbonaceous material, which seems to reduce the swelling and thus the water‐holding capacity of the cross‐linked polyacrylate. Conversely, this process protected the polymer structure from rapid decomposition.     

5种花梨木的红外光谱比较分析

为了提供识别花梨木品种的新思路和新方法,采用红外光谱分析方法,对越柬紫檀、刺猬紫檀、印度紫檀、大果紫檀、鸟足紫檀5种花梨木的一维红外光谱(FTIR)、二阶导数光谱(SDIR)、二维相关红外光谱(2DIR)进行对比分析。结果表明:1)在FTIR谱图中,5种花梨木在781 cm-1处的差异可以把越柬紫檀和刺猬紫檀与其他3种花梨木区分开;2)在SDIR 谱图中,刺猬紫檀在1 179 cm-1处存在1个吸收峰;大果紫檀在781 cm-1处存在吸收峰;鸟足紫檀在1 351、1 299、1 147、1 131、938 cm-1处都有明显的吸收峰,而印度紫檀没有吸收峰;3)在2DIR谱图中,1 100、1 150、1 258 cm-1处的差异可以将刺猬紫檀与其他4种花梨木区分开,1 467、1 518 cm-1处的差异可以把越柬紫檀、刺猬紫檀与鸟足紫檀区分开来。单独使用2DIR识别方法并不能把5种花梨木完全区分,但将FTIR、SDIR、2DIR这3种方法结合可以实现5种花梨木的区分,也有助于红木树种的无损识别。      

Lignin Characterization of Triploid Clones of Populus tomentosa Carr.

In order to understand the structural characteristics of lignin in triploid clones ofPopulus tomentosa and its changes in the processes of pulping and bleaching, milled wood lignin （MWL）, lignin carbohydrate complex （LCC） and the residual lignin from kraft pulp （KP） and sulfite pulp （SP） were isolated and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectrum and ^13C nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）. The most diagnostic peaks were assigned and the differences were discussed. The spectral patterns reveal that triploid P tomentosa shows the specific features of hardwood from temperate areas, but in the spectrum of FTIR, the strength ratio orAl270 cm^-1 to A1226 cm^-1 is 0.88, higher than the average of hardwood from temperate areas, which will make the lignin delignification more difficult during pulping and bleaching. The LCC from triploid P tomentosa is mainly composed of xyloglucan and glucuronic acid, and other glucides have much lower ratio. In LCC FTIR, there are three peaks at 1 427, 1 329 and 1 046 cm^-1, indicating that both semi-cellulose and cellulose could exist in LCC, and that there might be relationships between cellulose and lignin. Compared with the residual lignin from KP and SP, the condensed structure in KP is more than that in SP.     

用FTIR法研究木材阻燃剂FRW的阻燃机理

采用FTIR显微分析技术,对FRW阻燃处理红松木材限制燃烧固相产物的结构进行分析;采用GC_FTIR联机分析方法,对经FRW阻燃剂及其主要组分处理的紫椴木材试样的热解挥发性产物进行分析和鉴定;讨论FRW阻燃处理木材的热解炭化过程、阻燃剂的作用以及热解产物的结构特点。结果表明:FRW阻燃木材受热时,随着温度的升高,在FRW及其分解产物的催化下,木材逐步发生聚糖脱水、半纤维素脱乙酸、聚糖降解、木质素降解、木材热解产物聚合、脂肪族聚合物脱氧及芳构化等反应,最终炭化;FRW阻燃剂改变了木材的热解途径,并且显著降低了挥发性有机化合物的生成量。     

微波处理对稻草表面特性的影响

利用FEIXG型电子自旋共振波谱仪和Nicolet Nexus 670型傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)研究了微波处理对稻草表面特性的影响。研究结果表明,经微波处理后的稻草表面自由基浓度显著增加,最高可以达到处理前自由基浓度的7倍左右。且随着处理时间的延长和微波强度的增加,稻草表面自由基浓度的增加幅度有所上升。经微波处理后,稻草外表面的化学成分(包括SiO2、羟基、木素和纤维素)变化都不明显,而稻草内表面SiO2略有减少,羟基显著增加,木素和纤维素也有一定变化。微波处理可以改善稻草内表面的特性,使之比外表面更具活性,有利于稻草与胶黏剂之间的交联。     

Liquefaction and product identification of main chemical compositions of wood in phenol

To clarify liquefaction ratios and their construction variations of the main chemical compositions of wood in phenol using phosphoric acid as a catalyst, the chemical ingredients of wood such as holocellulose, cellulose and lignin, were measured and extracted according to GB methods. With Fourier transform infrared （FTIR）, the product identification of reactant before and after liquefaction in phenol was investigated. The molecular weights and their distributions of the liquefaction results （acetone soluble parts） were studied by gel permeation chromatography （GPC）. Results show that the molecular weights and their distributions of poplar and Chinese fir are almost the same. In poplar, the distribution of cellulose is the largest, and that ofholocellulose the smallest after liquefaction. For Chinese fir, the distribution of holocellulose is the largest, and that of cellulose the smallest. After liquefaction of poplar cellulose, the change bands of FTIR spectrum observed below 1 600 cm^-1, can be attributed to new substitute groups. The same is true for poplar lignin. For Chinese fir, the spectra of liquefaction results of all chemical compositions differ from that of wood meal. This reveals the more activity groups were produced because of the reactions between Chinese fir and phenol. The research shows that the liquefaction ratios of poplar decrease in the following order： holocellulose 〉 lignin 〉 cellulose, and those of Chinese fir in the order： lignin 〉 cellulose 〉 holocellulose.