新疆常见杏树花粉育性研究

[目的]测定不同杏品种的花粉生活力、萌发力及授粉结实率。[方法]以新疆当地的9个杏品种为材料,采用I-KI染色法和TTC染色法测定花粉生活力,同时测定花粉萌发力,对花粉育性进行研究。[结果]杏花粉的生活力一般高于60%,以65%～70%区域内分布为最多,高于70%和低于65%的品种较少;各杂交组合中,正、反交坐果率存在差异,正交坐果率较高的是白杏×阿克牙格勒克、白杏×馒头玉吕克、库车小白杏×木孜佳娜丽、库车小白杏×阿克牙格勒克、阿克乔丽番×木孜佳娜丽、阿克乔丽番×阿克牙格勒克、阿克乔丽番×轮台早熟杏、制干杏×阿克牙格勒克、制干杏×馒头玉昌克、佳娜丽杏2×阿克牙格勒克,其他组合的结实率比较低。白杏×馒头玉吕克和制干杏×阿克牙格勒克反交坐果率也较高,二者可以互相授粉。阿克乔丽番×木孜佳娜丽和制干杏×馒头玉吕克正交坐果率较高,反交坐果率为0,二者之间单方不亲和。[结论]该研究对于选择优良的杏树授粉品种,提高杏树产量具有十分积极的意义。     

Impact of topography on cross-pollination in maize (Zea mays L.)

Understanding cross-pollination is important to achieve the coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and conventional maize (Zea mays L.); it is still not known whether topography favors or hinders cross-pollination. In 2005 and 2006, the effect of gradients of 3.4–6.8° on cross-pollination was investigated in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland. Cross-pollination was revealed by the presence of yellow-grains on a white-grain hybrid at distances up to 17.5 m from the yellow-grain pollen donor hybrid. The measurements of the inclination of the slope were based on aerial images data taken by an unmanned GPS/INS (Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System)-based and stabilized model helicopter, which delivered precise altitude-based data for sampling points at tassel height.The rate of cross-pollination increased significantly with decreasing altitude of the receptor field (r = 0.36–0.64). However, the effect seems to be weaker than that of other factors like wind direction and velocity.     

河北省主栽板栗品种（系）授粉结实特性研究

研究了河北省8个板粟主栽品种（系）的授粉结实特性。结果表明：板栗品种（系）自花授粉结实率较低,而异花授粉结实率较高。提出了板栗品种（系）配置的最佳组合,为板栗高效生产提供了重要参考。     

单基因性状测算自花传粉率及基因型比例的方法

用离散非线性系统建立自异花传粉群体显、隐基因型比例的逐代演变模型,并从自然群体中rr植株所结种子Rr和rr型比例计算、自花传粉率及群体杂种基因型所占比例的计算等方面介绍了单基因性状测算自花传粉率及基因型比例的方法。     

Cross-pollination improves ‘Orri’ mandarin fruit yield

‘Orri’, a selection of ‘Orha’ mandarin [Temple (Citrus temple hort. ex Y. Tanaka) × Dancy (Citrus tangerina hort. ex Tanaka)], is a new high-quality Israeli mandarin which, in the last decade, has become one of the leading varieties in Israel. ‘Orri’ has an excellent taste, the rind is deep orange in color and easily removed, and it contains few or no seeds. However, ‘Orri’ grown in Israel suffers from inadequate yield and no published studies have yet addressed this problem. In the present study we determined that ‘Orri’ productivity depended on conditions being favorable to cross-pollination. Under cross-pollination conditions a positive correlation (R² = 0.97) was found between yield per tree and number of fruits per tree, and more than 90% of the fruits exceeded 60 mm: the most profitable size range. These data suggest that the number of fruits per tree, and not fruit size, is the limiting factor for yield improvement in ‘Orri’ orchards. Studying seed set showed that ‘Michal’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a compatible pollenizer for ‘Orri’ flowers: the number of seeds per ‘Orri’ fruit increased as the distance from ‘Michal’ trees decreased. The present study demonstrated that cross-pollination of ‘Orri’ resulted in yield improvement, yet at the price of increased seed set.     

Modelling diurnal and seasonal patterns of maize pollen emission in relation to meteorological factors

Modelling the risk of cross-pollination between maize crops can help to define efficient isolation methods to reduce the risk of gene flow between these crops. However, the use of such models over the pollen emission season is limited by poor estimations of pollen emission. In this study, we present a model that predicts hourly pollen emission fluxes over the pollen season and that accounts for effects of both meteorological conditions and crop variety. It consists of two sub-models that predict: (i) the seasonal pattern on a daily basis and (ii) the normalized diurnal pattern on an hourly basis.To assess the variability of pollen emission, ten field experiments were carried out in July and August over four years using three crop varieties. The model was built from (i) a parameterisation of the measured diurnal and seasonal patterns of pollen emission followed by (ii) a quantification of the relationships between parameter values and meteorological conditions. Total production of pollen was fairly constant for a given variety over years and sowing dates, while patterns of emission varied with meteorological conditions. The pollen emission season was longer when temperature was low and humidity was high. In most cases, the diurnal pattern was unimodal: the onset and the peak of emission were delayed when relative humidity was high or wind speed was low. In some cases, a second peak of emission occurred during the afternoon. This was observed more frequently when temperatures were high.     

Characterization of progenies derived from pollination of pomegranate cv. Malase-Tourshe-Saveh using fruit traits and RAPD molecular marker

Fruit traits and molecular markers (RAPD) were used to survey genetic similarities and inheritance pattern of offspring, derived from self- and open pollination of pomegranate cv. Malase-Tourshe-Saveh (MTS) as well as progenies derived from cross between ‘MTS’ and ‘Narm-Daneh’ (ND) a soft-seed cultivar in the present study. Clustering based on fruit traits, divided the accessions firstly into two major groups, sweets and sour or sweet–sours. Members of sub-clusters were different in fruit characters, and seed softness also was affecting the grouping of individuals. Offspring of ‘MTS’ × ’ND’ showed somehow seed softness with varying degrees compared to other individuals. In RAPD analysis, by using 26 polymorphic primers, 325 fragments were produced from 39 individuals, among which 70 reproducible, polymorphic bands were scored for data analysis. NTsys and Bootstrap software were used for RAPD data analysis and respective dendrogram depicted by Jaccard's similarity coefficients using UPGMA method. The similarity coefficients were ranging from 0.2 to 0.94 and the lowest was obtained between pollen parent (ND cv.) and a genotype from open pollination of MTS cultivar. The highest similarity coefficient (0.94) was observed between two offspring both from self-pollination of MTS cultivar. In corresponding dendrogram, pollen parent was separated from other genotypes and laid individually in a sub-cluster, while the mother plant clustered with its progenies. In addition, some marker–trait associations were observed, especially for seed softness.     

The airborne pollen flow of maize (Zea mays L.) in a multi-crop designed field plot

Previous studies on pollen dispersal helped to identify objective parameters of coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and conventional maize. Nevertheless, data on the quantity and dynamics of airborne pollen flow (APF) in air layers above and around a maize field, and its contribution to the rate of cross-pollination, are still missing. In 2004 and 2005, 690 pollen traps were arranged at different locations relative to three maize fields: in the maize fields itself, and in fields adjacent to the maize fields, consisting either of grassland or wheat stubble. The traps were positioned along strings over maize, wheat stubble and grassland at two fixed heights relative to the maize plants: immediately above (0 m) and 1 m above tassel height (1 m). Whereas the traps positioned at 0 m over maize indicated the amount of pollen shed, those located at 1 m above tassel height indicated airborne pollen flow to this upper air layer. The amount of pollen at 1 m relative to the amount of pollen just above the tassel, ranged from 4% to 40%; very high values correlated with strong winds during flowering. These winds were not strong enough to transport significant amounts of pollen farther than a few meters away from the pollen source because above both adjacent grass and wheat stubble environments, the amount of pollen at 1 m above tassel height was similarly low. In one single experiment and at 0 m above tassel height, a significantly higher amount of pollen was found over wheat stubble than over grassland. During this experiment, high temperatures and low wind speeds coincided with pollen shed, which may have favored the generation of thermals over hot surfaces, capable of lifting pollen grains.     

High crop barrier reduces gene flow from transgenic to conventional maize in large fields

To test the effectiveness of high crop barriers in reducing gene flow, we conducted experiments in two large fields (around 750 m × 750 m) using yellow transgenic maize and white conventional maize in the growth season of 2013, with Sorghum as a high crop barrier in a shape of 5 m zone. Sorghum barrier affected pollen load at different directions, decreasing pollen number in further locations. It also decreased the cross-pollination incidence between transgenic and non-transgenic maize, with a average rate of 9.35% in the open site and 1.04% in the Sorghum site. But Sorghum barrier had little effect on the maximum distance of pollen flow and cross-pollination, which depends on wind direction and speed. The maximum distance of gene flow from transgenic to conventional maize was 300 m in the open site and 350 m in the Sorghum site. High crop barrier could be proposed as an effective method to reduce the frequency of gene flow from transgenic to conventional crops and to regulate their coexistence.     

君子兰（Clivia miniata Regel）的贮藏花粉时间与受精过程

 利用花粉低温冷藏技术与常规石蜡制片技术研究了大花君子兰的贮藏花粉寿命以及受精过程，为其杂交育种提供基础资料。结果如下：新鲜花粉结籽率为35%；-21℃贮藏70 d的花粉结籽率为22%；贮藏140 d的花粉结籽率为4%；贮藏180 d的花粉结籽率为0。两个精细胞具有二型性。成熟胚囊里次生核位于反足细胞端。胚珠发育不同步，胚珠没有受精与胚珠败育成为结籽率低的内部原因。君子兰受精过程经历时间为：人工异花授粉2 h左右花粉萌发；花粉管在花柱中生长26 h左右；花粉管在子房腔内生长12 h左右；授粉后42～50 h雌雄性细胞融合；授粉后44～46 h初生胚乳核分裂；授粉后的第6～7 d，合子进行分裂，合子休眠期为4～5 d。