Considering the preferences for nitrogen forms by invasive plants: a case study from a hydroponic culture experiment

Although preference for NH₄⁺, NO₃^? or a combination of the two often differs among species, we know little about the responses of invasive plants to different inorganic N forms. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that an increase in N availability may facilitate further invasions. However, most of these studies predicted the positive feedback without considering the preference for N forms of invasive plants. Therefore, we cultivated four common invasive species (Mikania micrantha, Ipomoea cairica, Wedelia trilobata and Bidens pilosa) in South China with hydroponic media containing different forms of N (i.e. NO₃^?, NH₄NO₃ and NH₄⁺) at equimolar concentrations. Our results showed that the N forms significantly affected the growth, biomass allocation and physiological traits of the plants. All four invasive plants supplied with NO₃^? alone had better performance and greater allocation to root biomass than did plants that were supplied with NH₄⁺ alone. Moreover, the photosynthetic rate, pigment content and photosystem II activity of plants supplied with NO₃^? or NH₄NO₃ were significantly higher than those of plants supplied with NH₄⁺alone. The results suggested that all four invasive plants preferred NO₃^? rather than NH₄⁺, and changes in NO₃^? played an important role in furthering the invasions of these plants than did changes in NH₄⁺. Our results implied that decreasing NO₃^? may be a useful tool for controlling and managing invasive plants preferring NO₃^?. In addition, this study highlighted the importance of considering plant N form preference to better understand plant invasions.     

不同光照和温度下白花鬼针草和金盏银盘种子萌发研究

通过在人工培养箱内模拟环境条件,探讨了不同光照和温度对白花鬼针草和金盏银盘种子萌发的影响,结果表明：光照和温度不是白花鬼针草种子萌发的必要条件,白花鬼针草种子萌发的温度适应范围比金盏银盘宽,在15＇12／10oc、20℃／15℃、25℃／20℃、30℃／25oC、35℃／30℃、40℃／35℃下均能萌发,在15％／10气、20％／15℃、25％／20℃、30~E／25℃时萌发率均达94％左右,金盏银盘种子在40％／35℃时不能萌发;温度影响白花鬼针草和金盏银盘种子萌发高峰的出现时间及峰值大小,而光照不影响。     

三叶鬼针草水抽提物他感作用与降雨量的关系

测定一年中不同月份采集的三叶鬼针草叶片的水抽提物对萝卜、水稻、黄瓜３种植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明，不同时间三叶鬼针草水抽提物的他感作用有显著差异，不同月份水抽提物对３种受体幼苗根生长的抑制与采集抽提材料前一个月的降雨量有显著的负相关关系，降雨量少，抑制作用强；降雨量多，抑制作用弱。     

鬼针草90%醇提物对U14荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤效应

以U14细胞株接种小鼠制成荷瘤模型,研究鬼针草90%醇提物对荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤效应.结果表明,90%鬼针草醇提物通过提高机体免疫力抑制小鼠肿瘤生长.     

鬼针草中黄酮类化合物提取方法研究

以鬼针草为原料，分别利用乙醇、水作为浸提介质对鬼针草中黄酮类化合物进行提取，通过单因素试验、正交试验确定醇提的最佳提取条件为乙醇浓度80％、固液比1：14、提取时间0．5h、提取温度90℃：水提最佳提取条件为固液比1：40、提取温度100℃、提取时间1．5h。且两种提取方法问不存在显著性差异。     

滇杨枯落叶和林下土壤的化感潜力1）

采用生物测定法,对滇杨枯落叶和林下土壤的化感潜力进行了研究。结果表明：滇杨枯落叶浸出液会延缓三叶鬼针草种子萌发,抑制胚芽生长,在2．5％的处理质量分数下,对胚根的生长具有抑制作用,化感效应敏感指数RI＝－0．22。对株高和生物量的抑制作用,随着浇灌枯落叶浸出液质量分数及添加枯落叶粉比例的增加而增强,质量分数为2．5％时,株高的RI＝－0．17,生物量的RI＝－0．54。在添加80％枯落叶粉的处理下,株高的RI＝－0．54,生物量的RI＝－0．67,生物量的化感效应敏感程度高于株高。滇杨林下土壤对三叶鬼针草生长无化感抑制作用,均表现为化感促进作用,＞2～10 cm深的土壤促进作用最强,株高和生物量的化感效应敏感指数分别为0．57、0．73。     

薇甘菊对鬼针草种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感影响

测定了薇甘菊提取液对鬼针草种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感影响。结果表明,薇甘菊提取液处理,非入侵地鬼针草种子萌发率为52%,入侵地鬼针草种子萌发率为60%,薇甘菊对非入侵地鬼针草种子萌发的化感影响大于对入侵地鬼针草种子萌发的化感影响;薇甘菊对鬼针草幼苗总叶面积、最大量子产额和冠重没有明显的抑制作用;非入侵地处理与对照鬼针草幼苗的根重分别为23.50 g和36.92 g,入侵地处理与对照鬼针草幼苗的根重分别为22.19 g和16.53 g,薇甘菊对非入侵地鬼针草幼苗的根重的影响大于对入侵地的;入侵地鬼针草种子及幼苗对薇甘菊具有一定的化感抗性。     

鬼针草与含羞草化感作用及其入侵性的研究

采用培养皿滤纸法研究入侵植物鬼针草与含羞草根、茎、叶浸提液对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,从化感角度揭示外来植物的入侵机制。结果表明:1)鬼针草根、茎、叶浸提液随浓度升高显著抑制鬼针草和含羞草种子萌发,高浓度(0.04 g·mL^-1)的叶浸提液使萌发率降低了67%~87%;高浓度(0.04 g·mL^-1)的含羞草叶浸提液使其种子萌发率降低了21.7%,但对鬼针草种子萌发影响较小。2)鬼针草和含羞草根长随2种植物根、茎、叶浸提液浓度的升高而降低,尤其是高浓度的叶浸提液有较强抑制效应。3)各浓度的鬼针草根、茎、叶浸提液均能降低含羞草茎长,高浓度的叶浸提液抑制效应最强;高浓度(0.04 g·mL^-1)的含羞草茎和叶浸提液抑制鬼针草茎长,中等浓度(0.02~0.03 g·mL^-1)的根和叶浸提液促进鬼针草茎长;含羞草各器官浸提液对其茎长的抑制作用随浓度增大略有增强。4)鬼针草各器官浸提液(尤其叶浸提液)抑制自身根冠比,促进含羞草根冠比;含羞草各器官浸提液轻微降低自身根冠比,显著降低鬼针草根冠比。5)鬼针草对自身种子萌发率、根长及根冠比的化感强度大于鬼针草他感强度;鬼针草对含羞草茎长的化感强度大于其自感强度,也大于含羞草他感强度;含羞草对鬼针草根长及根冠比的化感强度大于其自感强度,也大于鬼针草他感强度。鬼针草主要通过抑制含羞草茎长,增强入侵性,而含羞草主要通过抑制鬼针草根的生长,增大竞争力。     

三叶鬼针草和黑心菊根系分泌物对井栏边草配子体叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究了入侵植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)和非入侵植物黑心菊(Rudbeckia hirta)的根系分泌物对三叶鬼针草入侵和潜在扩散区代表蕨类植物井栏边草(Pteris multifida)配子体叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,除非光化学荧光淬灭系数外,三叶鬼针草和黑心菊均可降低井栏边草其他叶绿素荧光参数.这种抑制作用随2种植物根系分泌物浓度升高而增强.处理第十天,抑制效果最明显.当三叶鬼针草和黑心菊根系分泌物浓度高于12.5％时,在处理4～10d后,配子体各叶绿素荧光参数均受到显著影响.综上所述,三叶鬼针草和黑心菊对井栏边草配子体光合能力均可产生抑制作用,且三叶鬼针草抑制作用更强.     

Herbicidal and fungicidal activities and identification of potential phytotoxins from Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Scherff

This study was carried out to examine the possibility of utilizing Bidens pilosa , a weed widely distributed in the subtropics and the tropics, for weed and plant fungus control. The extract of B. pilosa shows strong phytotoxic action against the growth of Raphanus sativus and Echinochloa crus-galli and antifungal activity against phytopathogens in bioassays. The extract of the roots exhibited plant growth inhibitory activity more than those of the leaves and stems. Fifteen phenolic compounds, including pyrocatechin, salicylic acid, p -vinylguaiacol, dimethoxyphenol, eugenol, 4-ethyl-1,2-benzenediol, iso- vanillin, 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzaldehyde, vanillin, vanillic acid, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, p -coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Caffeic acid was in the highest amount among the detected substances. Dimethoxyphenol and vanillic acid were found only in the roots of B. pilosa . Ferulic acid and p -hydroxybenzoic acid were higher in the roots than in the leaves and stems. These identified constituents might be responsible for the phytotoxic and fungitoxic activities of B. pilosa.