外源赤霉素对桃的成花效应及其作用机制

 【目的】揭示赤霉素对桃成花的影响及其可能的作用机制。【方法】在桃花诱导期叶面喷施100 mg?L-1 GA3,运用解剖学、免疫组织化学及半定量RT-PCR方法,研究‘八月脆’桃花芽分化过程中顶端分生组织赤霉素的原位分布及成花关键基因表达变化。【结果】‘八月脆’桃在7月10日前处于成花诱导期（北京）;成花诱导期叶面喷施100 mg?L-1GA3显著抑制了桃花诱导及进一步的正常分化,处理后成花率仅为11.67%;顶端分生组织中GA1的分布随花芽分化进程而变化,6月13日－7月25日,花芽中GA1主要分布在芽基部的维管组织中,顶端分生组织中没有检测到信号。GA3处理后,GA1的分布在6月13日－7月3日与正常花芽相同,在7月13日顶端分生组织中检测到了GA1信号,且芽基部维管组织中的GA1信号增强,但至7月25日顶端分生组织和芽基部维管组织中的GA1信号明显减弱;GA3处理后,芽中PpLEAFY 及MADS6基因仅在10月10日低量表达,其它时期几乎检测不到。【结论】在北京,‘八月脆’桃成花诱导期在7月10日之前;成花诱导期100 mg?L-1 GA3处理能显著抑制花诱导和进一步正常分化;赤霉素家族中GA1 类在桃成花过程中起抑制作用,并且具有一定的时期性;GA3处理抑制了成花关键基因PpLEAFY及MADS6的正常表达。     

Nutritional (Fe-Mn) interactions in ‘Big Top’ peach plants as influenced by the rootstock and by the soil CaCO3 concentration

Manganese (Mn) toxicity in plants is often not a clearly identifiable disorder and it can interfere with the absorption, translocation, and utilization of other elements such as Ca, Mg, Fe, and P. Soil conditions, management factors, and the use of different genotypes of rootstock can determine the degree of Mn toxicity and of interaction with other elements in the orchard. Five plants of the cultivar ‘Big Top’® grafted onto itself, onto plum rootstock ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and onto hybrid peach x almond rootstock ‘GF677’ were grown in 25-L containers under three treatments, 0, 20, 30% concentration of total lime, obtained by mixing powdered CaCO₃ to a sandy soil. Plants were fertilized with manure and a solid fertilizer early in April and irrigated in summer periodically with water rich in manganese. After just 28 d, active lime caused a decrease of chlorophyll SPAD index especially in plants grafted on itself, while those grafted on the tolerant ‘GF677’ rootstock behaved better than those grafted on ‘Mr.S.2/5.’ From June to September, irrigation caused increases in soil Mn concentration and Mn concentration in control plants. This caused first a serious defoliation in Big Top / Big Top plants and then a re-greening of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and ‘GF677,’ probably due to the interaction between iron and manganese at high pH. In particular the 20% CaCO₃ addition to the soil preserved the plants of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ from Mn toxicity, as shown by their high chlorophyll content and growth and lower Mn leaf concentrations. Plants grafted onto ‘GF677’ rootstock showed the best behaviour under 30% CaCO₃ treatment associated to higher Fe(III)-reducing capacity and photosynthetic activity. Rootstocks and soil conditions (lime and waterlogging) influenced mineral status and growth of the peach cultivar ‘Big Top,’ particularly by interacting together and modifying Fe-Mn availability.     

不同钾肥施用量与桃果实生长发育动态及果实品质的相关性

以桃[Prunus persica(L.)Batsch]品种新川中岛(P.persica cv.Atalasi Kawanakajima)为试材,连续3年(2012~2014年)研究不同钾肥施用量与果实生长发育动态和品质的相关性。结果表明,不同施钾量与果实缝合线横径发育全程生长量生长高峰期次数呈极显著正相关,与果实纵径发育全程生长量生长高峰期次数呈正相关,与果实横径发育全程生长量、果实纵径日生长量、果实缝合线横径日生长量的生长高峰期次数呈显著正相关,与果实横径日生长量生长高峰期次数呈显著负相关。不同施钾量与桃成熟果实果形指数变化率和果汁含糖量呈极显著正相关,与果形指数呈显著正相关,与单果重呈正相关。综合效果以株施0.45 kg硫酸钾复合肥组合的最好,其次是株施0.60 kg硫酸钾复合肥组合的效果。建议在桃生产上把不同钾肥施用量作为肥培管理和果实品质优化的重要依据,为桃在立地条件下制定科学的栽培技术和管理措施提供参考。     

新疆野扁桃TP-M13-SSR的引物开发研究

该试验自主设计新疆野扁桃TP-M13-SSR引物,从中筛选多态性最佳的引物以供后续研究使用。从该植物的5个居群中分别挑选2份叶片提取基因组DNA,扩增后的产物使用毛细管电泳荧光检测并分析。经分析可得出12对新疆野扁桃TP-M13-SSR引物的期望杂合值(He)、观测杂合值(Ho)、等位基因数目(Na)、香农指数(I)、固定指数(F)、多态性信息含量指数(PIC)的范围分别为0.656~0.859、0~0.281、3.796~9.580、4~8、1.213~2.014、-0.164~1、0.605~0.843。在所有以上引物中,引物PT-6除固定指数外的所有信息数据均为最高。共筛选出12对多态性信息丰富的TP-M13-SSR引物,扩增片段大小在100~300 bp之间,多为两碱基重复。     

Molecular Identification and Cultivar Fingerprints of Prunus persica （L.） Batsch Germplasms

[Objective] The aim was to study the molecular identification and cultivar fingerprints of Prunus persica （L.） Batsch germplasms.[Method] Sixty peach genotypes,representing China common local cultivars and European samples were screened by microsatellites （simple sequence repeats,SSRs） and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat （ISSR） markers.[Result] 26 reproducible bands were amplified by Nine SSR primers,and 24 of which were polymorphic; 236 bands were amplified by 30 ISSR primers,and 113 of which were polymorphic.31 genotypes were discriminated with 1-3 distinct polymorphic bands generated from the primers ISSR and SSR.Seven cultivar-specific ISSR fragments and two SSR unique alleles obtained from this study were available to be converted into Sequence Characterized Amplified Region （SCAR） markers.The genetic similarity coefficient （GS） estimated from these molecular data averaged were 0.939 （ranged from 0.856 to 0.983） for ISSR and 0.646 （ranged from 0.240 to 1.000） for SSR,respectively.The combined grouping association indicated that most local Chinese peach cultivars and exotic accessions were clustered together.This could be related to the mode of introduction and maintenance of the peach cultivars involving limited foundation germplasm,exchange of cultivars between plantations,and periodic development of new recombinant cultivars following sexual reproduction.[Conclusion] The results obtained in this work would help to improve the conservation,molecular identification and management of peach germplasm in breeding.     

Molecular Identification and Cultivar Fingerprints of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Germplasms

[Objective] The aim was to study the molecular identification and cultivar fingerprints of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch germplasms.[Method] Sixty peach genotypes,representing China common local cultivars and European samples were screened by microsatellites (simple sequence repeats,SSRs) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers.[Result] 26 reproducible bands were amplified by Nine SSR primers,and 24 of which were polymorphic; 236 bands were amplified by 30 ISSR primers,and 113 of which were polymorphic.31 genotypes were discriminated with 1-3 distinct polymorphic bands generated from the primers ISSR and SSR.Seven cultivar-specific ISSR fragments and two SSR unique alleles obtained from this study were available to be converted into Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markers.The genetic similarity coefficient (GS) estimated from these molecular data averaged were 0.939 (ranged from 0.856 to 0.983) for ISSR and 0.646 (ranged from 0.240 to 1.000) for SSR,respectively.The combined grouping association indicated that most local Chinese peach cultivars and exotic accessions were clustered together.This could be related to the mode of introduction and maintenance of the peach cultivars involving limited foundation germplasm,exchange of cultivars between plantations,and periodic development of new recombinant cultivars following sexual reproduction.[Conclusion] The results obtained in this work would help to improve the conservation,molecular identification and management of peach germplasm in breeding.     

脱落酸在桃果实成熟过程中的作用

 以白凤桃为试材，分析研究了桃果实生长发育过程中脱落酸（ABA）的变化以及外源ABA和氟啶酮（Fluridone）处理对果实发育后期离体果实后熟衰老进程的影响，探讨了ABA与桃果实成熟的关系。结果表明：桃果实生长发育后期果实内源ABA的积累构成了果实成熟的启动信号，而ABA高峰的出现启动了果实的后熟衰老进程；外源ABA处理促进了采后果实的后熟衰老进程，而Fluridone处理抑制了果实内源ABA的生物合成和乙烯产生，延缓了桃果实的后熟软化；乙烯则可能作为ABA的一种辅助因子影响果实的后熟衰老进程。     

关中地区温室油桃标准化栽培技术研究

针对关中地区油桃温室栽培中存在的定植密度不统一、扣棚期把握不准、草苫覆盖时间有误、产量低、品质差等问题,通过一系列标准化栽培技术的试验,提出了温室油桃的标准化栽培技术,这就是定植株行距为150 cm×200 cm;扣棚时期掌握在12月下旬;在温室管理上,晴天草苫揭开、覆盖时间分别为8:00和16:00时,阴天分别为10:00和14:00;并且在7月上旬至8月上旬用15％多效唑可湿性粉剂200倍稀释液进行全株喷雾2次,以利于油桃的发芽分化.     

水杨酸对大久保桃花及幼果生长的影响

[目的]研究水杨酸(SA)对大久保桃花授粉和幼果发育的影响。[方法]以大久保桃花粉和幼果为试材,研究水杨酸对花粉萌发、花粉管伸长和幼果纵横径生长的影响。[结果]0.0020、.020 mmol/L SA对花粉萌发有促进作用,而0.200 mmol/L SA处理的花粉萌发率明显低于对照;0.002 mmol/L SA处理其花粉管显著高于对照,起到了促进花粉管伸长的作用,0.200 mmol/L SA则抑制了花粉管伸长;0.002、0.0200、.200 mmol/L SA均对大久保桃幼果的生长存在不同程度的抑制作用,且随着SA浓度的增大抑制作用增强。[结论]不同浓度SA对大久保桃花及幼果生长存在不同影响。     

SSR方法标记桃[Prunus persic(L.)Batsch]果肉近核色素(英文)

[目的]利用 SSR 分子标记法标记桃(Prunus persic (L.) Batsch)果肉近核色素。[方法]以"重阳红"与"燕红"2 个桃品种为亲本构建正交 F1群体,选取其中138株后代作为标记群体,采用分离群体分组分析(bulked segregate analysis,BSA)法,将果肉近核色素分为"有"和"无"2个基因池,应用SSR分子标记技术寻找与桃果肉近核色素性状基因连锁的分子标记。[结果]通过对256对引物的筛选,获得了3对与控制桃果肉近核色素性状基因连锁的分子标记,即 UDP96-003、ch04g09 和 UDP97-402,同时计算得到这 3 个标记与桃果肉近核色素性状基因的遗传距离分别为16.7、10.1和17.0 cM。[结论]该研究为进一步筛选遗传距离更近的共显性分子标记奠定了基础。