室温粉碎搅拌法从印楝种仁中萃取印楝素的研究

用快速粉碎搅拌的方法从印楝种仁中萃取印楝素,分别研究了萃取时间、溶剂的选择及用量对印楝素萃取产率的影响。优化的工艺条件为:208g去油后的印楝种仁(相当于300g印楝种仁),以750ml甲醇做溶剂,在快速粉碎搅拌下萃取21min即可以达到最高萃取产率,与微波辅助法、超声波法、浸提法相比,具有提取率高、设备和操作简单、节约溶剂、快速等特点。     

0.3%印楝素乳油防治油菜潜叶蝇的田间药效试验

以1000倍0.3%印楝素乳油防治油菜潜叶蝇,结果表明:药后11d的校正防效最高,为95.69%;药后3d的校正防效最低,为39.01%。这说明虽然该药剂的速效性差,但药后5d,防效都超过70%。     

广西不同小菜蛾种群对印楝素和阿维菌素的敏感性研究

室内浸叶法测定结果表明:广西不同小菜蛾种群对印楝素的敏感性差异较小,LC50值在0.07￣0.23mg/L之间,与敏感性最低的石埠种群相比,相对毒力指数为1￣3.29;对阿维菌素对的的敏感性差异较大,LC50值在2.08￣17.02mg/L之间,与敏感性最低的仁乡种群相比,相对毒力指数为1￣8.18。     

印楝素对中华稻蝗若虫呼吸作用的影响

呼吸测定试验表明，以每头印楝素5.0μg点滴3龄中华稻蝗蝗蝻前胞背板，4hCO2释放量减少，抑制率达到33％。对6龄蝗蝻测定，处理后试虫CO2释出量降低，呼吸受到抑制，而且随着时间的推移，呼吸失去了节律，图线变得近于直线。点滴法与注射法，在前期呼吸影响有所不同，点滴法随着经过的时间，呼吸抑制率提高；而注射法48h呼吸抑制率才提高，到72h达到最高，其图形为U形。     

The effects of azadirachtin and nucleopolyhedrovirus on midgut enzymatic profile of Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The effects of azadirachtin (AZA) and nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) on midgut enzyme activity in Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Tobacco cutworm) were evaluated. Gut enzyme activities were decreased by AZA and NPV individually and in combination. When S. litura larvae were fed a diet of castor leaves treated with AZA and NPV in bioassays, gut enzyme—acid phosphatases, alkaline phosphatases, adenosine triphosphatases, and lactate dehydrogenase—activities were decreased. There were statistically significant differences (P ? 0.05) in enzyme activities between combined and individual treatment. A synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and virus was found when combined in low doses. These effects are most pronounced in early instars. Maximum weight loss (59-72%) occurred, when AZA and NPV were combined.     

Crop Disease Review Maize

Variability in the insecticidal effects of botanical preparations has been one of the major obstacles in the application of this type of insecticide. Understanding of the variability may help to improve formulations of the preparations and develop more practical strategies for field applications. Here we report the varying effects of two lots of the same commercial neem formulation, Neemix^® 4.5, on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. We found that one lot had stronger adverse effect on the development and survival of P. xylostella larvae but little repellent effect on the adults, whereas, the other lot had a weaker effect on the larvae but a substantial repellent effect on the adults.     

印楝素与啶虫脒对椰心叶甲生物活性及混配增效作用

为探讨植物源杀虫剂和常用化学杀虫剂在椰心叶甲防治上的联合利用效果,采用浸叶法和大田药效试验测定了印楝素和啶虫脒对椰心叶甲的生物活性及混配增效作用。结果表明:印楝素和啶虫脒对椰心叶甲4龄幼虫均表现出生物活性,LC50值分别为14.45和9.44 mg/L。混配增效结果表明,以有效成分印楝素∶啶虫脒=2∶5(质量分数)增效作用最强,共毒系数为492.23。大田药效试验结果表明,混配处理组以有效成分印楝素∶啶虫脒=2∶5(质量分数)对椰心叶甲的田间防治效果最好,在浓度为50 mg/L处理7 d后,混配处理组的校正虫口减退率为87.66%,印楝素和啶虫脒单独处理组分别为69.43%和74.35%。     

3种植物源农药对鹌鹑和斑马鱼的急性毒性评价

[目的]通过测试印楝素、除虫菊素、鱼藤酮3种植物源农药对鹌鹑和斑马鱼的急性毒性,评价其对环境的安全性。[方法]采用一次性＂经口染毒法＂和＂半静态法＂,确定3种农药对鹌鹑和斑马鱼的毒性大小与分级。[结果]印楝素、除虫菊素、鱼藤酮对鹌鹑急性毒性的LD50（168h）分别为13.09、97.04和111.75mg/kg.bw;对斑马鱼急性毒性的LC50（96h）分别为0.05、0.15和0.03mg/L。印楝素对鹌鹑的急性经口毒性等级为高毒,除虫菊素和鱼藤酮为中毒;印楝素和鱼藤酮对鱼的急性毒性等级为剧毒,除虫菊素为高毒。[结论]3种药剂对鹌鹑和斑马鱼都不安全,实际应用中必须减少其对生态环境的危害。     

印楝素/羧甲基壳聚糖/磷酸化壳聚糖纳米粒子的制备、性能与表征

为了克服壳聚糖只能溶于酸性水溶液的局限,对壳聚糖进行了化学修饰,通过引入磷酸基官能团,合成了可溶于中性水的壳聚糖衍生物磷酸化壳聚糖。以磷酸化壳聚糖和羧甲基壳聚糖为基材,用聚电解质复合法制备了印楝素/羧甲基壳聚糖/磷酸化壳聚糖纳米粒子水分散制剂。测试结果表明,纳米粒子的平均粒径为200~300 nm,纳米粒子对印楝素的负载率最大可达43.5%。     

Factors affecting content and bioefficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) phytochemicals used in agricultural pest control: A review

Neem-based products including traditional preparations and formulations have been used extensively for the control of insect pests attacking agricultural crops. Content of phytochemicals extracted from different parts of the neem plant varies considerably due to abiotic and biotic factors from collection of the raw material to extract preparation and product formulation. Likewise, effectiveness of crude or synthesized material used in the field or laboratory may be influenced by storage conditions, content of active ingredient (especially azadirachtin), insect species and its growth stage, type of formulation and synergism of products with other control measures. In this paper, the direct and indirect actions of neem phytochemicals on insect pests are described and practical implications for future pest control strategies are discussed.