Practical use of response surface methodology for optimization of veterinary antibiotic removal using UV/H2O2 process

Three of the most commonly used veterinary antibiotics—enrofloxacin (ENR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and oxytetracycline (OTC)—were chosen as representative antibiotics for UV/H₂O₂ treatments. The objective was to determine the optimization of UV/H₂O₂ to remove antibiotics from aquaculture discharge water using response surface methodology. The degradation of the antibiotics was investigated under varying UV/H₂O₂ conditions in environments with different levels of pH, water matrices, humic acid, and constituent ions. The degradation results demonstrated that increasing the H₂O₂ dosage facilitated ENR degradation at a neutral pH while facilitating degradation of SMX and OTC at a slightly acidic pH. The optimum removal conditions for ENR, which was used in all influential effect experiments and the contact tank experiments, was obtained at 10 mM H₂O₂, a pretreated COD of 87.51 mg L⁻¹, and an initial pH of 6.15. Among the tested anions, only the presence of Cl^- showed slight positive effects on ENR degradation, due to the generation of secondary active radicals. During the reaction, the hydroxyl radical (OH) was present at a higher pH while singlet oxygen (¹O₂) was slightly present at a lower pH. The experimental results from H₂O₂ sequential addition indicated that freshly added H₂O₂ could quench the recently generated OH and therefore a high H₂O₂ concentration with frequent adding was not necessary. Our contact system reduced the ENR concentration in both the effluent reservoir and in the UV irradiation zone. The overall results supported the use of the UV/H₂O₂ system to treat remnant antibiotics in the discharge water.     

Effects of management, environment and landscape conditions on establishment of hardwood seedlings and saplings in central Japanese coniferous plantations

There is an increasing need to restore natural hardwood forests in landscapes dominated by monocultural conifer plantations. A convenient restoration approach is to exploit natural regeneration processes. Natural regeneration, however, is affected by diverse interacting factors, for which better understanding is required, in order to optimize restoration programs. To identify optimal management practices for improving natural regeneration of hardwood trees in coniferous plantations, we examined the effects of multiple factors on the abundance of seedlings, small saplings and large saplings (height <0.3, 0.3-1.3 and ?1.3 m, respectively) of hardwood tree and shrub species in both line thinned (LT) and unthinned (UT) plantations of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and hardwood forests (HF) in central Japan. The effects of management practices (number of the times of weeding and cleaning, thinning method, years after thinning and forest age), environment (slope position, slope angle and canopy openness), and landscape conditions (distance from nearest hardwood forest, altitude and landuse before planting) on the number of hardwood individuals were examined by using the data obtained from the LT plantations. We also compared hardwood density between LT and UT plantations to examine the effect of line thinning. Finally, we examined species composition of LT plantations and HF to identify hardwood forest components in the thinned plantations. The effects on hardwood regeneration of environmental conditions, landscape factors and management practices applied in the plantations varied, depending on the size class and life form of the regenerating species. The abundance of large saplings of tall tree species was affected by several management factors, especially number of the times of weeding. Landscape conditions (distance from the nearest hardwood forest and altitude) affected the abundance of small saplings and seedlings of tall tree species, but not the other classes. Seedlings and small saplings of many tall tree species that contribute to hardwood forest canopies were less abundant in the LT plantations. The results show that numerous factors affect the establishment and abundance of naturally regenerating hardwood tree species, and suggest that successful establishment during early plantation stages can have long-lasting effects on natural regeneration of tall tree species.     

镉对植物光合作用及氮代谢影响研究进展

镉是毒性最强的环境污染物之一。植物中积累的镉可通过食物链进入人体,给人类健康带来潜在危害。镉能抑制植物生长,能使植物形态、生理生化及结构发生改变。镉可减少净光合速率,损伤光合器官;使叶绿素含量下降;抑制气孔开放,从而影响植物的光合作用;镉通过改变植物硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷胺酰氨合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)以及谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性,进一步影响植物氮代谢过程。光合作用及氮代谢在植物生长发育过程中起着十分重要的作用,综述了重金属镉对植物光合作用及氮代谢的影响,并对其机理进行了探讨。     

湿地碳氮磷的生物地球化学循环研究进展

湿地生物地球化学循环研究是湿地研究的核心内容,是研究其物理过程、化学过程和生物过程及其相互关系以及这些过程与湿地功能的关系。介绍了生物地球化学循环的概念。对N、P、C三个主要无素的生物地球化学循环研究进展进行了评述,并对生物地球化学循环研究的前景进行了简要的分析。     

暖冬对皖北地区小麦生育前期若干指标的影响

研究了暖冬对皖北地区小麦生育前期若干指标的影响.结果表明,暖冬导致生育前期旺长,形成过多的茎蘖数、较大的群体叶面积及较高的干物质积累量;暖冬使小麦生育进程提前,麦苗抗冻性降低,遭遇低温时易遭受冻害,废弃物含量增加.     

禽流感研究进展

近年来禽流感的大范围流行,造成了巨大的经济损失并严重威胁着人类健康,因此禽流感的研究越来越被人们重视。本文就目前禽流感流行状况、检测方法进行综述。     

泡桐丛枝病的分子生物学研究进展

对泡桐丛枝病病原、症状、分子检测技术等国内外现状和进展进行了论述和评价,并对泡桐丛枝病分子研究中存在的主要问题和对策作了总结和展望。     

生菜生物技术育种研究进展

从分子遗传图谱的构建、遗传转化、基因工程改良以及生菜的原生质体培养等几个方面对国内外生菜分子育种取得的进展进行了综述,对存在的问题进行了分析,并对生物技术在生菜育种上的应用前景进行展望。     

棉黄萎病发生和研究进展

综述了棉黄萎病的发生概况、致病机理、传播流行原因,以及在棉黄萎病抗病育种、发病规律、常规防治方面的研究进展。     

甘肃陇南越夏区小麦抗条锈病育种研究进展

甘肃陇南是中国小麦条锈菌最大、最重要的越夏区,条锈病是发生于该区域小麦生产上最主要的病害,持续不断的培育和种植抗病品种是防治该病最绿色、经济的措施。为了持续控制该区域的条锈病、保障粮食安全,总结了自1995年以来甘肃陇南小麦抗条锈病育种成效,分析了存在的问题,提出了强化优异抗条锈病种质资源材料的评价、挖掘、创新与利用;强化生物育种技术的应用;强化抗病品种(基因)布局等建议。