Mangroves as indicators of coastal change

In view of the unique biological characteristics of mangroves, it is interesting to assess the extent to which these ecosystems can be used as indicators of coastal change or sea-level rise. From recent studies of mangrove mortality at several locations (including Guiana, Gambia, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, India and Bangladesh), it appears that these coastal ecosystems are so specialized that any minor variation in their hydrological or tidal regimes causes noticeable mortality. Each species of mangrove (but particularly those belonging to the genera Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Sonneratia, Heritiera and Nypa) occurs in ecological conditions that approach its limit of tolerance with regard to salinity of the water and soil, as well as the inundation regime. If the duration of daily immersion were to be modified by tectonic, sedimentological or hydrological events, the species either readjusts to the new conditions or succumbs to unsuitable conditions. Consequently, the use of remote sensing data for mangrove ecosystems offers excellent potential as a tool for monitoring coastal change.     

Vegetation and its relation to soil nutrient and salinity in the Calabar mangrove swamp,Nigeria

The study examines vegetation – environment relationships. Vegetation measurements included species frequency, density, diameter and tree height, while environmental measurements were soil particle size distribution, acid properties (pH, Al, SO₄), nutrient cations (Ca, Na, Mg, K), organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and chloride content. Nypa fruticans was the dominant species in the A stratum (> 3 m tall) while Rhizophora mangle was dominant in the B stratum (1–3 m tall). The C stratum (< 1 m tall) was dominated by mangrove, Nypa and Raphia saplings. Silt was dominant and the most variable particle size fraction. A principal components analysis of the soil data indicated the first three dominant components influencing the vegetation were salinity, nutrient and soil texture. Tree height and density correlated highly with the salinity and soil texture gradients (P < 0.01), while basal area correlated with salinity and nutrient gradients (P < 0.01). While Avicannia africana in the A stratum was influenced largely by the salinity and soil texture gradients. Nypa fruticans in the B stratum was influenced by salinity and nutrients.     

甘肃省退耕还林还草区划刍议

根据气候资源、土地状况、草地类型的不同,将降水和积温同海拔结合,并与相关的行政区划相统一,整体上将甘肃省的绿化区域划分为干旱荒漠区、高寒草原区、灌溉农业区、黄土高原区、青藏高寒区、半湿润区和亚热带湿润区7个区域,并进行了详细地分区论述,为甘肃省退耕还林还草和生态建设提供科学依据.     

基于AHP和PCA的暴雨灾害风险区划——以河南省卫辉市为例

为充分了解卫辉市暴雨灾害的时空分布特征和发生规律,最大限度减轻灾害造成的损失,根据气象灾害系统理论及目前国际上流行的评估模型,选取卫辉市1961—2014年各乡镇灾情、雨量站的逐日降水量、DEM、GDP、农民人均收入等数据,利用层次分析法(AHP)和主成分分析法(PCA)构建了暴雨灾害风险评估模型,并通过ArcGIS绘制分辨率为30 m×30 m的灾害风险区划图。结果表明：卫辉市暴雨灾害风险等级自中部向四周呈递减总趋势。其中,孙杏村镇、汲水镇、顿坊店乡、上乐村镇的灾害风险等级较高,容易发生致灾性较强的暴雨灾害;而太公泉镇、后河镇、李源屯镇、狮豹头乡的灾害风险等级较低,暴雨灾害对当地农业生产的危害不大。[结论]该研究对政府及相关部门制订气象灾害防御方案、调整农业结构布局等具有重要的参考意义。     

Distribution and stem growth patterns of mangrove species along the Nakara River in Iriomote Island, Southwestern Japan

We examined variations in stand structure and tree growth of a mangrove forest along two gradients: from the river mouth to upper stream and from the riverside to inland, along the Nakara River, Iriomote Island, Japan. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk. occurred throughout the intertidal area, though Rhizophora stylosa Griff. and Kandelia candel (L) Druce did not occur upstream. Basal area and maximum tree height of B. gymnorrhiza decreased downstream. The growth rate in stem diameter of B. gymnorrhiza decreased downstream in relation with the soil salinity. The basal area and the maximum tree height of B. gymnorrhiza increased with the distance from the riverside. R. stylosa increased in stem diameter and growth rate toward the riverside.     

玉龙雪山土壤发生特性及其系统分类研究

以中国土壤系统分类方案为指南,对位于滇西北地区玉龙雪山不同海拔高度的典型土壤剖面进行系统分类研究。结果表明：玉龙雪山土壤质地以壤土和粘土为主,海拔由低至高,土壤质地由粘土、壤质粘土逐步过渡到砂粘土、砂壤、壤土;土壤CEC值在1．96～69．59cmol·kg^-1之间,且随海拔升高而逐渐增加,其中以腐殖质层最明显;土壤游离铁含量为2．17～31．15g·kg^-1,活性铁含量为0．15～6．35g·kg^-1,铁游离度为19．89％～59．48％,铁活化度为5．02％～62．20％。由于受母质类型的影响,土壤铁游离度和活化度均随海拔升高无明显变化规律。参考玉龙雪山的自然环境条件及土壤发生特性,将其土壤垂直带谱结构划分为：常湿雏形土（海拔3400～4200m）、湿润铁铝土（海拔2700—3400m）、湿润雏形土（海拔2500～2700m）、湿润铁铝土（海拔2500m以下）。     

海南岛山洪灾害风险区划研究

在海南岛暴雨风险普查资料收集的基础上,以海南岛140个小流域为单元,选择了地形因子、水系因子、暴雨指数、滑坡和泥石流密度、综合灾度6个因子作为山洪灾害的危险性指标,通过层次分析法计算海南岛山洪灾害危险性;选择人口密度比、耕地百分比、GDP百分比、基础设施百分比作为易损性指标;通过风险=危险性×易损性,在ArcGIS中完成了海南岛山洪灾害的风险区划图,并通过历史山洪数据对其进行检验,结果表明:海南岛山洪灾害的风险区划图中的高风险区和次高风险区平均覆盖了历史山洪灾害的72%的范围,能在一定程度上说明区划结果的合理性,该成果可在海南岛的山洪防灾减灾工作中发挥重要作用。     

基于GIS的阿克苏地区冰雹灾害风险区划及评价

以阿克苏地区1984-2007年冰雹灾害、1959-2007年气象站点冰雹日数及DEM数字高程模型、土地类型等资料为基础,选取对雹灾有影响的高程、下垫面、冰雹路径、冰雹频率、雹灾次数、人口、GDP、耕地分布等作为评价因子;借助ArcGIS的空间内插、密度、叠加、缓冲区等分析功能,建立各因子图层,参与冰雹敏感性、危险性、易损性的分析运算;最终建立风险区划模型,进行叠加分析,完成阿克苏地区冰雹灾害风险区划。区划的结果体现了GIS的优势,比以前的区划更加明确,能更准确地定位各类风险区。对于不同的风险区域,采取针对性的防治措施,能最大限度地减少冰雹灾害带来的损失。     

红枫湖流域非点源污染控制区划

非点源污染发生的广域性、分散性、随机性等特征使得对其进行效管控难度较大。以非点源污染关键源区识别为基础,对流域进行分区管控是实现非点源污染控制的有效途径。基于源头削减和过程管控协同管理的思路,将GIS技术、ArcSWAT模型、非参数检验和因子分析技术相结合,以农耕养殖程度较高的贵州红枫湖上游羊昌河流域为研究区,通过对流域近5 a非点源污染负荷特征进行模拟,识别影响非点源污染流失的关键因素,在此基础进行污染控制区划。结果表明：1）总氮和总磷负荷高风险区主要集中于地势较高且农业耕作活动频繁区域,刘官乡、黄腊乡、旧州镇及白云镇是非点源污染控制的重点乡镇;2）采用多因素方差分析7种不同因素对流域非点源污染负荷的影响程度表明,施肥量是影响总氮、总磷输出的最主要的因子,坡长、坡度及土地利用方式是次重要因子。针对羊昌河流域长期传统耕作以及化肥过量施用的现实特征来看,土壤有机磷的含量也会对总磷的输出产生一定的影响;3）羊昌河流域可划分为3个污染控制区,第1类：生态农业综合整治区（以近河道耕种区为主,面积254.4 km2）;第2类：污染治理区（农村生活及畜禽养殖区为主,面积405.74 km2）;第3类：生态修复区（高坡度强降雨区为主,面积464.47 km2）。研究结果可有效提升羊昌河流域非点源污染治理的效率,为水源地环境保护提供参考。     

基于GIS和AHP的潍坊市冰雹灾害风险区划

利用潍坊市1971-2000年9个气象站逐月冰雹及其灾情信息,根据层次分析、加权综合评价、极差标准归一化等方法,建立影响潍坊市冰雹灾害的主要评估模型,即致灾因子危险性、承灾体易损性和防灾减灾能力,综合各项指标通过ArcGIS9.3平台得到潍坊市冰雹灾害风险区划图。结果表明:潍坊市年均降雹日数随地形高程增加呈增加趋势,冰雹灾害发生的高风险区在该市西部地区,其发生冰雹灾害次数多、抗灾能力弱是该区发生雹害概率高的主要原因,较高风险以上的地区占全市一半以上区域,而低风险区则是位于该市中部偏南地区,这与历史冰雹灾情基本吻合。对潍坊市历史冰雹灾害进行风险评估,旨在为该市防灾减灾提供科学依据。