滴灌下生物质改良材料对盐渍土水盐氮运移的调控效应

为探究生物质改良材料对滴灌盐渍土水、盐、肥运移过程的调控效应，采用土箱模拟试验，研究了水肥一体化滴灌条件下，生物炭和腐殖酸两种改良材料对盐渍土水、盐、氮运移和再分布过程及其时空分布特征的影响规律。结果表明：在滴灌条件下，盐渍土壤水盐的时空动态变化表现出明显的水分入渗驱动的盐分运移过程和蒸发扩散驱动的水盐再分布过程；铵态氮含量在时间上表现出先增大、后减小的变化趋势，在空间上的运移再分布特征较弱；硝态氮含量初始时空分布表现出与水盐相似的运移特征，受铵态氮硝化作用的多重影响，后期空间分布与铵态氮空间分布相似；生物炭通过提高土壤饱和导水率，增大了入渗阶段土壤水、盐、氮的运移速率和分布范围；腐殖酸通过提高土壤田间持水率增大了再分布过程土壤水、盐、氮的分布范围和强度，同时其对尿素的水解和硝化过程表现出更强的抑制效果。应用生物质改良材料在改变土壤物理性状进而调控滴灌土壤水盐运移的同时，还影响土壤氮素转化运移过程及其分布，这为水肥一体化滴灌盐渍农田的节水、控盐、减肥治理提供了理论基础。     

云和雪梨产业"二次分配"机制初探

在"公司 基地 农户"的雪梨生产联结关系的基础上,实行了"二次分配"机制,有效地协调了生产者和销售者之间的利益分配关系,最大限度地降低生产者与销售者的经营风险,促进了专业化分工,提高了生产效率和水平,推进了规模化经营,提高了农产品的组织化程度.     

茶叶皂角用于提高大豆油-水体系洗脱修复焦化厂土壤中多环芳烃、Cd、Ni的可行性研究

Mixed contaminated brownfield sites have brought serious risks to human health and environmental safety. With the purpose of removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and heavy metals from a coking plant site, an innovative technology for ex-situ washing was developed in the present work. The combination of 15.0 mL L~(-1) soybean oil and 7.5 g L~(-1) tea saponin proved an effective method to extract co-pollutants from soil. After two consecutive washing cycles, the efficiency rates of removal for 3-, 4-,5(+6)-ring, and total PAHs, Cd, and Ni were approximately 98.2%, 96.4%, 92.3%, 96.3%, 94.1%, and 89.4%, respectively. Meanwhile,as evaluated by Tenax extraction method and metal stability indices, the residual PAHs and heavy metals after consecutive washing mainly existed in the form with extremely low bioaccessibility in the soil. Thus, in the soil after two washing cycles, there appeared limited environmental transfer risk of co-pollutants. Moreover, a subsequent precipitation method with alkaline solution and PAHdegrading strain Sphingobium sp. PHE9 inoculation effectively removed 84.6%–100% of Cd, 82.5%–91.7% of Ni, and 92.6%–98.4% of PAHs from the first and second washing solvents. The recovered solvents also exhibited a high recycling effectiveness. Therefore, the combined cleanup strategy proposed in this study proved environmentally friendly, which also played a major role in risk assessment and management in mixed polluted sites.     

Hydrus-3D模型模拟田间点源入渗与水分再分布准确性评价

滴灌条件下水分入渗与再分布是评价滴灌灌溉效率的重要内容,通过Hydrus3D模型模拟单点源和点源交汇情况下水分入渗及其再分布过程,并利用田间试验实测资料进行验证。结果表明:采用Hydrus3D软件建立的模型可较好地模拟单点源水分入渗、水平湿润锋扩散过程及土壤剖面水分的分布情况,水平湿润锋距离的模拟值和实测值的误差在灌水结束时达到最大,且滴头流量越大,误差亦越明显,其中最大绝对误差为4.6 cm,最大相对误差达0.167,R2在0.95以上,F检验P值大于0.05,且RMSE在2.1以内;模型模拟的土壤体积含水量分布和实测值基本一致,模拟值和实测值的R2在0.90以上,F检验P值大于0.05,RMSE均小于0.07;湿润范围模拟结果和实测结果的吻合度较高。灌水结束后20 h,模拟土壤剖面含水量的分布情况与实测值基本一致,模拟值和实测值R2在0.575~0.652之间,F检验P值大于0.05,RMSE在0.013左右,双点源交汇区整个剖面模拟值和实测值R2为0.526以上,F检验P值大于0.05,RMSE均小于0.01,模拟结果较好,说明Hydrus3D模型可模拟土壤水分再分布情况。     

玉米植株对降雨再分配过程的影响

 【目的】明确成熟期玉米冠层截留降雨的能力。【方法】以研究区域实际降雨强度为基础，采用人工模拟降雨法对成熟期玉米冠层截留量、茎秆流量和穿透雨量进行了测定。【结果】冠层截留率平均为7.5%，茎秆流率平均为28.8%，穿透雨率平均为63.7%；冠层截留量、茎秆流量和穿透雨量与雨强呈极显著线性正相关关系，冠层截留量和茎秆流量与叶面积之间呈极显著正相关直线关系，而穿透雨量与叶面积呈极显著线性负相关关系。【结论】不同雨强条件下，玉米冠层截留效应不尽一致；玉米冠层和茎秆可以引导一部分冠上雨量，减少直接到达地表降雨的数量，从而影响径流；本研究中建立的雨强和叶面积与冠层截留量、茎秆流量和穿透雨量之间简洁、实用模型，可为农耕地土壤侵蚀防治提供一定参考依据。     

土壤初始含水率对浑水膜孔灌肥液自由入渗水氮运移特性影响

为了探究浑水膜孔灌肥液入渗在不同土壤初始含水率下水氮运移特性,通过室内肥液入渗试验,研究了不同土壤初始含水率(6.02%,7.40%,8.23%,10.08%和13.20%)条件下入渗特性、湿润锋运移、土壤水分分布以及铵态氮和硝态氮的运移特性,建立了浑水膜孔灌肥液入渗累积入渗量、各向湿润锋运移距离与土壤初始含水率之间的关系,提出了不同土壤初始含水率的累积入渗量以及各向湿润锋运移距离的经验模型。结果表明:累积入渗量、各向湿润锋运移距离以及湿润体内水分和氮素的分布规律均受到土壤初始含水率的影响;同一入渗时刻,累积入渗量随土壤初始含水率的增大而减小,而湿润锋运移距离却呈现出随时间增大的趋势;土壤初始含水率越大,湿润体体积越大,湿润体内水分、铵态氮以及硝态氮分布范围越广;土壤初始含水率越大,入渗系数K值越小,入渗指数α越大。灌水结束时,湿润体内铵态氮绝大部分分布在湿润体半径r≤5cm范围内,而湿润体半径10cmr5cm范围的土壤铵态氮含量随土层深度的增加而降低,当湿润体半径r≥10cm时,铵态氮含量明显降低;硝态氮主要集中分布在由膜孔中心至半径为10cm范围内,水平方向和垂直方向硝态氮含量均随着膜孔中心距离的增加而降低,距离膜孔中心越近硝态氮含量越高;在同一位置处,铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数均随土壤初始含水率的增大而增大;随土壤水分再分布,湿润锋逐渐下移,湿润体内铵态氮逐渐向下运移且其含量呈现降低趋势;随时间继续运移,上层土壤硝态氮含量逐渐减小,下层新湿润体中硝态氮含量逐渐增加,整个湿润体内硝态氮含量分布趋于均匀。研究成果为进一步研究浑水膜孔灌肥液入渗氮素运移及转化奠定了基础。     

Test Analysis on Prestressed Frames with Three Kinds of Beam-column Section Strength

"Strong column with weak beam","strong beam with weak column" and"column & beam with equal strength"can be existed in one-storey prestressed concrete frames and the top storey of mult-storey prestressed concrete frames.Through the test of four prestressed concrete frames under vertical load,three kinds of prestressed concrete frames performances are studied,such as ultimate load,deflection,displacement ductility,redistribution of internal force.When the relative height of equivalent compression zone is smaller enough,the test proves that three kinds of prestressed concrete frames can realize full redistribution of internal force and have better displacement ductility,the width of cracks and deflections can satisfy the rules of code for design of concrete structures.     

Experimental Study on Moment Modulation of Prestressed Frames

Based on the experimental study of two prestressed frames in redistribution of Internal force, it can be concluded that the dominating influence factors on moment modulation are the relative height of equivalent compression zone, the secondary moment, the ratio of beam rigidity to column and development of cracks in the top of columns.The secondary moment is very important in modulation of frames. Especially, the secondary moment will governing the modulation when the relative height of equivalent compression zone is large enough.     

7Be在示踪土壤侵蚀和沉积物中的研究探讨

环境放射性核素137Cs和210Pb为测量土壤侵蚀和沉积速率提供了一种重要的方法。然而这两种核素只能提供中长期(45年和100年)的土壤再分配的速率,因此有必要研究示踪个别事件或短周期的土壤再分配的速率作为示踪中长期土壤再分配速率的有益补充,7Be(半衰期53.3 d)作为自然放射性核素,能够满足示踪个别事件或短周期的土壤再分配的需要,越来越受到广泛的关注。土壤再分配过程一般是自然和人为因素共同引起的,需要评价他们各自对土壤再分配过程的影响程度,用于评价土地利用和水土保持措施的效果,更为重要的是用于土地资源可持续利用和环境保护。讨论了7Be产生规律以及沉降特点,阐述了7Be在土壤再分配过程中的示踪原理,并对现有土壤侵蚀定量估算模型进行阐述并改进了模型,提出了今后应用7Be技术的研究方向。