冬枣蜜蜂授粉与绿色防控技术集成应用及效果分析

为有效解决随枣树规模化种植出现的枣树授粉过度依赖激素及病虫防控过度依赖化学农药的双重问题,通过建立示范区开展冬枣蜜蜂授粉与病虫绿色防控集成应用探索,集成了保护蜜蜂和果品安全,提高蜜蜂授粉效率的配套技术。同时,采取田间小区试验研究蜜蜂授粉有效半径及蜜蜂授粉对枣树坐果、果实发育的影响,结果表明,4足框蜂群有效授粉半径为150 m。与常规赤霉素授粉相比,通过蜜蜂授粉畸形果率降低了57.14%;幼果纵茎、纵向周长、单果质量,分别增加2.25 mm、6.72 mm和1.43 g。同时通过蜜蜂授粉可有效改善枣果品质、提高枣果商品率,较赤霉素授粉商品率提高7.1%,市场售价每千克增加1.5元。蜜蜂授粉可有效替代赤霉素授粉,保证枣树坐果,减少枣果畸形,提升枣果品质,增加果农收入。     

野生樱桃资源在甜樱桃人工授粉中的应用探讨

以3种野生樱桃资源为供试材料,比较了花粉烘制方式和贮藏温度对供试材料花粉萌芽率的影响,评价了供试材料花粉对甜樱桃品种座果率的影响。结果表明：常温干燥皿烘制花粉萌发率显著高于培养箱烘制；水+10mg/L硼酸+20%蔗糖为测定供试材料花粉活力的适宜培养基；毛樱桃、中国樱桃、‘黄蜜’花粉在4℃冷藏30天的萌发率均高于40%；毛樱桃、中国樱桃和山樱桃花粉与3个甜樱桃品种的异花授粉平均坐果率可达到40%。作者认为,供试野生樱桃资源的花粉萌发和贮藏特性,以及与甜樱桃品种的异花授粉亲和性与供试甜樱桃品种花粉类似,在甜樱桃人工授粉中具有较大的应用价值。     

基于级联卷积神经网络的番茄花期识别检测方法

对作物花期状态的准确识别是温室作物执行授粉的前提。为提高花期状态识别的准确度，该研究以温室番茄为例提出了一种基于级联卷积神经网络的番茄花朵花期识别方法。首先采用改进的端到端的特征金字塔网络FS-FPN实现番茄花束的分割，然后采用Prim最小生成树对分割后的花束图片进行花期识别优先级排序，最后将已排序的分割花束图片输入改进的Yolov3网络，实现番茄花朵花期状态的精准识别。在由1600幅包含花蕾期、全开期、谢花期、初果期4类花期状态的番茄花束图像构成的数据集上，所提方法对番茄花朵花期平均检测时间为12.54 ms，平均检测精度分别比Mask R-CNN和SPP-Net提高了3.67%和2.39%，识别错误率比改进前的Yolov3网络降低了1.25%。最终将该方法部署到番茄授粉机器人上，并在大型玻璃温室内进行验证，结果表明，所提方法对番茄花朵各花期的检测精度分别为花蕾期85.71%、全开期95.46%、谢花期62.66%、初果期88.34%，该研究结果可为智能授粉机器人的精准作业提供重要依据。     

梨树种植结构及蜂群采集次数对蜜蜂授粉效果的影响

中国梨树种植面积及产量居世界首位，因种植广泛，从南到北花期有一定间隔，蜂场需要转地授粉。为了探究蜜蜂为梨树授粉过程中反复采集对蜂群采集力有无影响，及油菜等花期重叠的竞争植物对蜜蜂采集梨花积极性的影响，笔者考察了不同种植结构、采集次数下蜂群采集梨花粉的重量、比例及采集梨花粉蜂的比例等指标。结果表明，油菜等竞争植物的存在会使蜂群采集梨花粉积极性下降，应尽量避免在梨树地栽种花期相同的竞争作物。重复采集可以提高蜜蜂采集梨花的积极性并增强授粉效果，可组织专业授粉蜂场进行梨树授粉。     

Characterization and bioactivities of young rice protein hydrolysates

Immature rice was reported to contain higher quantities of bioactive compounds than mature rice. Young rice protein is easy to digest and has hypoallergenic potential, with protein content of 7.2–11.5% compared to rice bran at 9.8%. Few studies have reported on bioactivities and characterization of young rice proteins and their hydrolysates. Bioactivities of native protein and protein hydrolysates of two rice varieties (white rice and colored rice) were characterized and investigated for four development stages (flowery, milky, dough, and mature). Degree of hydrolysis of young rice protein was considerably higher than at the mature stage. Highest DPPH and iron chelating activity were found in alcalase® protein hydrolysate during the flowery-to-milky stage. Iron chelating activity was constant in all development stages because of the low polar amino acid content in rice. The ACE activity of alcalase® protein hydrolysate was higher than native protein at the same development stage, as observed in the milky and dough stages. Inhibitory activity of young rice hydrolysate HepG2 cells was concentration-dependent and not correlated with protein molecular size.     

Effects of selective cutting and herbicide use in spring barley on seed production of Cirsium arvense

A field experiment was performed in Sweden to evaluate the effect of herbicide treatment and selective cutting on the seed production of Cirsium arvense. Four treatments (control (C), selective cutting (S), early (H1) and late (H2) herbicide application) were laid out in a randomized block experiment. The field was sown with spring barley and contained a natural population of the weed. Treatments were first applied 2015 and repeated 2016. Changes in the number of seeds per flower receptacle and average seed weight were measured over time in 2016 from the onset of seed production until crop harvest. At harvest, number of shoots per area and cumulative numbers of flower receptacles, which had shed mature seeds over the season, were counted. These data were used to assess total seed production over the season. Treatment H2 led to a significantly decreased number of seeds per receptacle (49) compared to S (59), H1 (64) and C (67). Over time and treatment, number of seeds per flower receptacle was lowest in the second week (47) and increased over the third week to 69 in week four. Average weight per seed was about constant over time (0.91?mg) while H1 and S (0.63 and 0.78?mg, respectively) had lower seed weights compared to H2 and C (1.04 and 1.19?mg, respectively). Total seed production over the season in terms of number of seeds per square meter was greatly reduced by all treatments (5–20 seeds m^?2, or 3–14?mg?m^?2) compared to the control (6600 seeds m^?2, or 7800?mg?m^?2). We conclude that seed production of C. arvense is inhibited a thousand-fold and equally well by selective cutting as by early or late herbicide treatments.     

Foliar application of calcium and kinetin on soybean at reproductive stage

We characterized the pollination and fecundation times in soybean flowers and evaluated the effects of kinetin and calcium applications on physiological and productive traits of soybean plants during the reproductive stage. The anatomical study of flowers of eight soybean cultivars showed that fecundation occurred in closed flowers with visible petals, which presented embryo in the first cell divisions. These results indicate that fertilizers and growth regulation applications should be performed before flower opening, which is different from the current recommendation. Foliar applications of kinetin and calcium between the floral bud and full flowering stages did not affect carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation, yield components and final yield. The results obtained in this research showed the lack of viability of foliar application of calcium and kinetin in order to increase pod set and number of seeds per plant in soybean crop.     

一种基于花授粉算法的WRF风速集合预报新模型

基于不同水平分辨率和边界层参数化方案的集合预报思路,应用花授粉算法与不限制负值的约束理论(FPA-NNCT)进行权重平均,提出一种新的风速集合预报模型(FPA-NNCT-WRF-E).利用山东省代表山地和海滨下垫面的2个风电场风速实测数据,将新模型与传统算术集合模型(M-WRF-E)以及FPA模型(FPA-WRF-E)的风速预报结果进行对比评估.结果表明:FPA-NNCT-WRF-E预报明显优于M-WRF-E和FPA-WRF-E的风速预报,与M-WRF-E相比, FPA-WRF-E将风速平均绝对误差(MAE)减小了20%以上,而新模型FPA-NNCT-WRF-E将MAE减小了38%以上.预报的准确性得到了提高.     

Bulk pollen pollination in maize for efficient construction of introgression populations with high genome coverage

Introgression populations consist of a set of introgression lines or families, constructed by continuous backcrossing to the recurrent parent, while carrying a limited number of chromosome segments from a donor parent in their genomes. Increasing the genome coverage is an important aim when constructing introgression population. In this study, we proposed bulk pollen pollination (BPP) method and used it to increase the genome coverage of a maize introgression population. The results showed that the genome coverage of the introgression population constructed using BPP method reached 100% at BC₃ generation, which accorded with the simulation result. The BPP‐based BC₃F_1:2 population could identify most quantitative trait loci (QTL) detected using the F_2:3 population, especially major QTL. Simulation analysis showed that the genome coverage of introgression population increased with the increase of population size and the number of bulked plants, and decreased with the increase of backcross generation. Our results proved the reliability of the BPP‐based introgression population in increasing genome coverage and detecting QTL, and provided references for constructing high‐coverage introgression populations.     

Native pollinator management may be a key to improving fruit set in Tasmanian Mountain Pepper,Tasmannia lanceolata (Winteraceae), an emerging spice resource

Tasmanian Mountain Pepper is a new crop that produces a valuable flavoring agent derived from its fruit. However, annual yields are unpredictable and its commercial prospects depend upon a reliable fruit set. As poor pollination is a possible cause, the pollination biology of this dioecious plant was examined in natural and plantation settings using direct observations, sticky traps, gas chromatography, and microscopy. A community of small insects visits the flowers, and the insect species represent at least seven families of small flies, three families of beetles, and various wasps and moths. Pollen grains were observed on the bodies of bibionid flies (Bibionidae), syrphid flies (Syrphidae), and snail-flies (Sciomyzidae). The tetrahedral tetrad pollen grains are unlikely to be suitable for dispersal by wind. Similar volatiles were emitted by both males and females; several ocimene compounds are attractants for insect pollen vectors. The female flowers also emitted indole, a known fly attractant. It is therefore likely that Tasmannia lanceolata is dependent on the services of diverse insects, especially Diptera, for promoting fruit set. Plantations should be established in the vicinity of biodiverse native vegetation that supports a wide variety of native flying insects capable of transferring pollen.