三氟化硼催化合成2,3,4,4'-四羟基二苯甲酮新方法研究

以高沸程石油醚代替1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷为溶剂,对焦性没食子酸合成2,3,4,4'-四羟基二苯甲酮的经典方法——三氟化硼催化法进行改进。在常温下快速搅拌和加热,使原料和溶剂体系由混悬液转变成棕色油状溶液,一定时间后瞬间产生大量黄色油性结晶产物沉淀,完成合成反应。采用正交试验法优化反应条件为:焦性没食子酸0.05 mol、对羟基苯甲酸用量0.055 mol、催化剂用量0.16 mol(20 mL)、反应温度110℃、反应时间1 h,在此条件下,2,3,4,4'-四羟基二苯甲酮产率达83.24%,产品纯度为97.83%。该方法与传统方法的产率相近,生产过程中比1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷的毒性小、成本低,改进的合成反应还具有时间短、后处理简便、催化剂可回收等优点。对提纯到99.53%的产物,通过红外吸收光谱、核磁共振谱、质谱等方法进行鉴定和表征,确定了产物为2,3,4,4'-四羟基二苯甲酮。     

柚木石油醚抽提物成分及其对心边材颜色的影响

为探究国产柚木抽提物对心材和边材颜色差异的影响,采用3种沸程的石油醚溶液分别对国产柚木的心材与边材进行抽提处理,利用气相色谱-质谱法分析抽提液的成分和含量,并以差异较大的抽提物溶液处理柚木边材,通过色度学参数表征柚木边材的变色情况,从而验证影响柚木心材和边材颜色的主要抽提物成分。结果表明:在3种沸程的石油醚抽提液中,柚木心材抽提物在成分种类数量和含量上均显著高于边材;不同沸程的石油醚对柚木心、边材中抽提物成分有一定的影响,其中30~60℃(低沸程)和60~90℃(中沸程)石油醚抽提物成分和含量的差异较小,而90~120℃(高沸程)石油醚抽提物的含量较高,约为中、低沸程抽提物含量的2倍;柚木心材抽提液中酚类、醌类、烯烃类物质的含量较多,但这些物质在边材中含量极低;4-叔丁基-2-苯基苯酚、2-甲基蒽醌(柚木醌)、全反式三十碳六烯(角鲨烯)是柚木心、边材抽提物含量差异最明显的物质。经角鲨烯溶液处理后的柚木边材表面颜色变黄,更接近心材颜色,因此,角鲨烯是导致柚木心边材颜色差异的重要抽提物成分。     

石油污染土壤降解与土壤的环境关系

阐述了石油污染土壤的降解与土壤环境的关系;提出如何消除石油污染土壤降解的环境限制因子,为微生物降解石油提供最理想环境,是有效治理石油污染的关键.     

混合器式液化石油气小型发动机性能研究

通过对汽油机改装的液化石油气发动机进行实验研究，得出了混合器形式对液化石油气发动机的性能有重要影响的结论，优先出既便于控制又有利于动力性发挥的等比例混合器；台架实验表明，通过对压缩比的匹配调整的空燃比的合理控制，汽油机改装的液化石油气发动机不用后处理技术就能满足排放法规和噪声法规，其动力性仅下降4％左右。     

Effect of H2O2 in the Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollutant

The high efficient strain was separated and filtrated from the soil contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbon. The authors, we focus on the effect of H2 O2 in the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutant. The results show that the optimal concentration of H2O2was 200 mg/L at one time. At the lag phase of the strain, H2O2 was added in per eight hour, and at logarithmic phase, H2O2 was added in per two hour. Biodegradation rate of petroleum hydrocarbon was increased from 38. 1% to 83. 1%. The bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutant is remarkably by double effects of deep oxidation and oxygen supply of H2O2.     

Aspects of phytoremediation of organic pollutants

Phytoremediation is a quite novel technique to clean polluted soils using plants. In theory, phytoremediation methods are cheap, are accepted by the public and, compared to physical or chemical approaches, are ecologically advantageous. Until today, however, there are only a few examples of successful applications. One reason is that the processes involved are complex, and a full clean up may require many years. Plants affect the water balance of a site, they change redox potential and pH, and stimulate microbial activity of the soil. These indirect influences may accelerate degradation in the root zone or reduce leaching of compounds to groundwater. Compounds taken up into plants may be metabolised, accumulated, or volatilised into air. Based on these processes, several phytoremediation methods have been developed: Phytoextraction, rhizofiltra-tion, phytostabilisation, rhizo and phytodegradation, pump and tree, land farming, phytovolatilisation, hydraulic control and more. Already in use are plants (and here willow, poplar and grass) for the degradation of petroleum products, aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX), chlorinated solvents, explosives and cyanides. However, phytotoxicity and pollutant mass balances were rarely documented. Often, the success of the projects was not controlled, and only estimates can be made about the applicability and the potential of phytoremediation. This lack of experience about possibilities and limitations seems to be a hindrance for a broader use of these techniques.     

石油烃类污染物降解动力学和微生物群落多样性分析

为了探讨不同初始浓度石油污染土壤堆腐化修复机制,以石油降解菌剂和腐熟鸡粪为调理剂,研究了初始浓度分别为5 000(T1)、10 000(T2)和50 000 mg/kg(T3)的石油污染土壤堆腐化修复过程石油烃类污染物降解动力学特征和微生物群落多样性。结果表明:堆腐化修复过程石油烃类污染物降解符合一级反应动力学,反应常数分别为0.012、0.094和0.050 d-1,半衰期分别为6.79、7.37和13.86 d。整个堆腐过程石油烃类污染物平均降解速率分别为112.08、230.05和887.93 mg/(kg·d)。3个处理的孔平均颜色变化率(average well color development)和碳源利用率(除芳香烃类化合物外)随堆腐进程的推进逐渐升高,在堆腐中、后期达到最大,T3处理显著高于T1、T2处理。多聚物类和糖类代谢群是堆腐体系中的优势菌群。主成分分析表明3个处理的微生物群落差异显著(除第9天外),起分异作用的碳源主要是糖类和羧酸类。微生物群落的丰富度指数和均一度指数随堆腐进程的推进逐渐升高并在堆腐后期达到最大,与T1处理相比,T3处理分别高了0.21%和17.64%,差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。微生物群落优势度指数在中期达到最大,T1处理分别比T2、T3处理高2.12%和9.44%,3个处理间差异不显著(P0.05)。堆肥结束时3个处理的种子发芽指数(seed germination index,SGI)分别比堆腐初期提高了18.26%、20.42%和36.41%。该研究结果为黄土高原不同程度石油污染土壤堆腐化修复的应用提供参考依据和理论基础。     

论油气储运设施安全的重要性

油气储运设施是连接石油工业产、运、销各环节的纽带,其安全重要性日益凸显。介绍了油气储存和运输设施的分类依据及主要类型;从储运介质的易燃易爆和毒害性、油气储运设施易构成重大危险源两个方面论述了油气储运设施安全的重要性;通过总结近年发生的大连＂7.16＂爆炸事故、大型储罐火灾事故及油气管道泄漏事故的教训,指出第三方破坏是导致管道发生泄漏事故的主要原因,而打孔盗油又是其中的重要因素;提出了在工程立项、设计、施工及运行管理的各个阶段加强安全管理的具体措施。     

玻璃纤维增强连续塑料复合管道的应用性能

玻璃纤维增强连续塑料复合管是一种多层结构高性能柔性复合管,具有质量轻、抗腐蚀能力强、承压能力强、制作长度长、可弯曲、施工简易、维护方便、节能环保、使用安全系数高的优点,因此整体使用成本较低,有望逐步取代钢制管道,用于石油天然气的开采和输送.建模分析了玻璃纤维增强连续塑料复合管的力学性能,根据不同要求设计了6种玻璃纤维增强连续塑料复合管道,并实施爆破试验,结果表明:实际爆破压力与理论设计压力基本相同,压力范围为5.5～25 MPa,可以满足实际生产需求.     

Nutritional composition,growth and enzymatic response of vetiver grass grown under crude oil contamination as influenced by gibberellic acid and surfactant

Abstract

Although crude oil contamination is a constraint for crop production, some plants can develop under crude oil contaminated conditions by utilizing crude oil as nutrients after decomposition. A greenhouse trial was conducted to investigate growth, nutritional composition and enzymatic response of vetiver grass in confronting with crude-oil contamination as affected by gibberellic acid (GA) and Tween 80. Application of GA or co-application of GA with Tween 80 significantly increased mean shoot dry weight. Application of Twee 80 alone or in combination with GA significantly increased mean root dry weight as compared to control which was attributed to the effectiveness of Tween 80 alone or in combination with GA on the removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons from polluted soil. Application of crude oil diminished shoot phosphorus, iron, zinc and manganese uptakes. Application of GA and Tween 80, however, compensated the decrease in nutrient uptakes in vetiver grass resulted from crude-oil contamination. Application of crude oil at both 2 and 4% (W/W) levels increased catalase (CAT) activity and proline (PRO) content. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased only following the application of 2% crude oil level, while addition of all amendments decreased CAT activity. Addition of GA decreased activity of SOD. None of the studied amendments had a significant effect on PRO content. Application of a combination of GA and Tween 80 under crude oil contamination are recommendable since such treatments not only inhibited adverse effect of crude oil on nutrients uptake but also caused that vetiver grass tolerated high level of crude oil contamination.